Монгольские мигранты в Евросоюзе и США формируют сравнительно небольшие диаспоры. Однако для страны с населением чуть более 3 млн чел. зарубежные монголы представляют значительный экономический, политический и социокультурный ресурс. Помимо официально существующих в западных странах монгольских диаспор, презентующих себя через институциональные объединения, есть большое количество нелегальных мигрантов, образ которых формируется в неформальных дискурсах соцсетей. Образы монгольских нелегалов в целом соответствуют негативным образам нелегальных мигрантов других национальностей. ; Mongolian migrants in the EU and USA form comparatively small diasporas. However, foreign Mongols represent a significant economic, political and socio-cultural resource for a nation of little more than 3 million people. In addition to Mongolian diasporas officially existing in the West and presenting themselves via institutionalized entities, there is a large number of illegal migrants whose image is shaped in informal discourses of social networks. In general, images of Mongolian illegal migrants correspond to negative images of other illegal ethnic migrants.
Рассматривается роль медицины в советско-монгольских отношениях на начальном этапе социалистического эксперимента в Монгольской Народной Республике. На основе ранее не публиковавшихся архивных материалов освещаются малоизвестные аспекты советской медико-санитарной помощи Монголии, анализируется роль экспедиций Наркомздрава РСФСР в строительстве здравоохранения в МНР. Затрагиваются политические аспекты взаимодействия советских врачей и монгольского руководства. ; The Mongolian People's Republic was the key component of a system created by the Soviet Union to counterbalance Japan in East Asia. Besides, in the 1920s-1940s Mongolia was the main testing ground of the geopolitical project to export socialism to Asian countries, where in the specific cultural and economic conditions methods and modes of Sovietization were practiced. The specific nomadic lifestyle that preconditioned a special approach in the carrying out of socialist transformations, the pivotal position in a vast area populated by the Mongolian peoples and a possibility to influence them with a positive example of socioeconomic transformations made the People's Republic of Mongolia a region where Sovietization was closely associated with "soft power". Medicine played an important role in this process. The necessity to create modern healthcare in Mongolia became obvious already in the early 1920s. The situation in healthcare was complicated. There was a pronounced lack of reliable information about the epidemiological situation in the country. That is why beginning from 1926, as a part of medical-sanitary assistance to Mongolia, the People's Commissariat for Health of the RSFSR sent there medical expeditions with scientific and practical purposes. The expeditions of the People's Commissariat for Health were at the frontline of Soviet medical assistance to Mongolia. At that moment they were the most efficient method of reconnaissance and assessment of the medical and sanitary condition of the country. Therapeutic methods and practices brought by the expeditions were revolutionary for the static nomadic culture. They undermined traditional beliefs of the Mongols about diseases, health and body, discredited folk and Tibetan medicine and demonstrated supremacy of European medicine over the millennial traditional healing systems. The medical and sanitary expeditions also helped to determine the format of interaction with the Mongolian authorities. Due to a number of reasons the Mongolian government preferred to hire medical workers needed for the construction of national healthcare directly in the USSR. For the Mongolian leadership the Soviet expeditions became a benchmark of professionalism and a first source of manpower. Thanks to them it was possible to place loyal Soviet professionals at the key positions in healthcare. Thus, in the 1920s medicine played a significant role in the Soviet-Mongolian relations. The creation of modern healthcare was one of the priorities of the Bolshevik-induced social transformation of the Mongolian people. Soviet physicians arriving in Mongolia with Soviet expeditions brought with them knowledge, technologies and medicines yet unknown in the Mongolian society. Salvarsan, bioquinol, antiseptics, surgery, obstetrics, and organizational models of Soviet healthcare were instruments that inspired faith in the power of socialist medicine. Soviet medics were carriers of both European ideas of personal and communal hygiene, healthy lifestyle and physical development, and Bolshevik ideas of a "big leap" from feudalism to socialism.
Городская реформа 1870 г. возложила заботу о благоустройстве городов, в т.ч. об их санитарном благополучии, на органы местного самоуправления. Это была комплексная и важная задача. В конце XIX в. санитарно-гигиеническое состояние сибирских городов вызывало глубокую обеспокоенность общественности и органов власти. Решать сложные задачи улучшения санитарно-гигиенической обстановки в городах предстояло выборным муниципальным органам городским думам и управам совместно с силами охраны правопорядка, специалистами-медиками и представителями судебной власти. На примере уездного города Верхнеудинска автор выделил типичные санитарно-гигиенические проблемы сибирских городов стихийные свалки, загрязнение грунтовых и поверхностных вод, низкое качество городского пространства жизнеобеспечения, отсутствие специальных служб по уборке мусора и ассенизации. Анализируя выявленные в фондах ГАРБ документы, автор стремится осмыслить санитарные проблемы города Верхнеудинска в историческом контексте 70-х гг. XIX в., выделяя значение актуализации общественной и личной гигиены в России и реформы городского управления для формирования новой политической культуры и гражданского сознания. Документы, сформировавшие источниковую базу данной статьи, вводятся в научный оборот впервые.Urban reform of 1870 entrusted the care of improvement of towns, including their sanitary conditions, on the local government. It was a complex and important task. Sanitary condition of Siberian cities at the end of the 19 th century caused a deep concern both of society and authorities. The elected municipal bodies city council and Dumas, in conjunction with the forces of law and order, health professionals and members of the judiciary had to solve complex problems to improve sanitary conditions in the cities. On the Verkhneudinsk example the author revealed typical sanitary problems of Siberian cities dumps, pollution of ground and surface water, poor quality of urban space of life support, absence of special services for garbage collection and sanitation. By analyzing the GARD documents, the author seeks to comprehend the health problems of Verkhneudinsk in historical context of 1970s and highlights the value of mainstreaming social and personal care and reforming municipal government in Russia for the formation of a new political culture and civic consciousness. Documents which formed the source base of this article are introduced in the scientific revolution for the first time.
В октябре 1925 г. правительство Бурят-Монгольской АССР инициировало попытку включения территории республики в сферу деятельности Комиссии по научному исследованию Монголии при СНК СССР. В основе этих действий лежал комплекс геополитических факторов, раскрываемый автором статьи на основе архивных материалов Государственного архива Республики Бурятия (ГАРБ). Просматривается желание повысить статус национальной автономии в глазах центрального правительства и привлечь централизованное финансирование к решению насущных социально-экономических проблем региона. В программе научного исследования Бурят-Монголии, включенной в сферу деятельности Комиссии в конце 1925 г., преобладают исследования, носившие выраженный евгенический характер. На примере Бурят-Монгольской антропологической экспедиции 1931 г. и ряда других автор дает объяснение актуальности расологических и евгенических исследований в тот период и связывает их не только с внутренними социальными проблемами Бурят-Монголии, но и с более широким мировым контекстом евгенических теорий.In October, 1925 the government of Buryat-Mongolian ASSR attempted to include the republic in the scope of activity of the Commission for the scientific study of Mongolia under the auspices of the Council of the People's Commissars of the USSR. On the basis of archival sources from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia the author exposes a knot of geopolitical factors behind this attempt. Thus, in their striving to get into the scope of activities of an international commission studying the country within the geopolitical interest zone of the USSR the leaders of Buryat-Mongolia attempted to inflate the status of their national autonomy in the eyes of central government and secure governmental funding for the solution of acute regional socioeconomic problems. In the scientific agenda of Buryat-Mongolia included into the scope of activities of the Commission in late 1925 there was a definite prevalence of eugenic studies. Based on the example of the 1931 Buryat-Mongolian anthropological expedition and a number of earlier scientific and medical ventures the author seeks to explain the topicality of racial and eugenic studies in that period and provides a connection not only with internal social problems of Buryat-Mongolia, but also with the wider context of global eugenic theories.
