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Рассмотрено понятие национальной экономики, которую предложено понимать как эволюционирующий организм, имеющий свою историю и характеризующийся уникальным сочетанием движущих сил развития в пространстве и времени. Обосновано, что национальные экономики и промышленные системы сгруппированы в экономические популяции, формирующиеся под влиянием географических, социобиологических, языковых, религиозных, культурных и иных факторов. ; The concept of national economy is proposed. It is offered to understand it not as the mechanical set of economic units, but as the evolving organism that has its own history and is characterized by a unique combination of driving forces of development in space and time. It is proved that each national economy represents something special, variant from other economies not only in quantitative aspect (according to numerical characteristics of constituent elements the population, wealth, income, etc.), but first of all in qualitative aspect formed in space and time under the influence of geographical, socio-biological, language, religious, cultural, and other factors. All successful national economies in the modern world are externally very similar: they are the mixed units with a certain combination of the state and market, possessing the multilevel monetary, tax and budgetary systems, developed markets of factorsof production, modern industry, infrastructure, etc. However, from the substantial point of view those national economies which have risen quickly in the last decades build their systems of the social and economic relations in a different way than the western democracies. It is visible first of all from geographically and historically caused socio-cultural norms which are the cornerstone of economic transaction and mechanisms of administrative decisions making. It is proved that national economies are grouped in the economic populations which are forming under the influence of geographical, sociobiological, language, religious, cultural and other factors. This approach, based on evolutionary methodology, is characterized as a methodological populationism.The traditional typology of national economies also has important analytical value. In the last decades, for example, the concept of a variety of capitalisms has gained popularity in the world, according to which it suggests to distinguish on the basis of on one or several signs, for example, Anglo-Saxon, European-continental, Social-democratic, and Asian capitalisms. Such analysis really allows revealing important typical features of certain national economies which are the representatives of different populations. But, in principle, their direct comparison is insufficiently correct and constructive as it is more correct and constructive to compare not the separate social organisms relating to different populations but the organisms of one population or different populations among themselves.

Проанализированы современные особенности монетарного механизма Китая и ожидаемые эффекты его функционирования с учётом новых экономических, институциональных и геополитических обстоятельств развития, обусловленных, в частности, мировым финансовым кризисом 2007-2008 гг. и экономическим подъёмом мирового Юга. Определены возможности адаптации китайского опыта для решения новых задач, которые стоят перед экономикой Украины в целом и её промышленностью в частности на современном этапе развития. ; The article deals with the modern features of monetary mechanism of China and expected effects of its operation taking into account new economic, institutional and geopolitical circumstances of its development caused, in particular, by the global financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the economic recovery of the global South. The possibility of adapting the Chinese experience to meet the new challenges facing the economy of Ukraine in general and its industry, in particular, at the present stage of development is determined. It is concluded that now, when the Chinese economy has become the first in the world (taking into account PPP) and it is moving to a new stage of its development, the monetary mechanism of economic growth is changing to the "market" direction, but gradually and consistently. Monetary authorities neither recklessly perform the insistent recommendations of international financial institutions to accelerate the creation of a more liberal financial system nor exclude them, but they adapt well-known Western monetary instruments to the specific problems of national development after they are tested in practice. China's success of really planetary scale and consequences have been achieved with the direct participation of the central bank, which provides oversight and control over the financial sector under the leadership of the State Council of China with the dominance of large state-owned banks in the structure the financial system, "non-market" consistently low rate of CNY in relation to the US dollar and "non-market" interest rates on deposits and loans, and an undeveloped stock market. Within the next years China's economy will gradually slow down in line with the strategy of the government to ensure a balanced economic growth. It will be maintained by low oil prices and the prospects for global economic growth that are slightly better than it was expected before, and the possibility of a sharp correction in the property market and increasing indebtedness of local authorities remain among the major risks. Monetary policy is crucial in transition to such a model, and in conjunction with other regulatory tools of mixed economy it is aimed at achieving macroeconomic and financial stability, efficient allocation of scarce resources, and mitigation of shocks of internal and external origin.

Проанализированы современные особенности монетарного механизма развития экономики ЕС и ожидаемые эффекты его функционирования с учѐтом новых экономических, институциональных и геополитических обстоятельств развития, обусловленных, в частности, мировым финансовым кризисом 2007-2008 гг., долговым кризисом в Европе. Определены возможности адаптации европейского опыта для решения новых задач, которые стоят перед экономикой Украины в целом и еѐ промышленностью в частности на современном этапе развития. ; The paper deals with the features of modern monetary mechanism of the EU economy and the expected effects of its operation taking into account the new economic, institutional and geopolitical circumstances, in particular, the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, the debt crisis in Europe, the possibility of adapting the European experience to meet the new challenges facing the economy of Ukraine in general and its industry, in particular, at the present stage of development. It is concluded that the combination of a few countries in the single currency area has not only the positive effects associated with the convergence of national economies, transaction costs reducing and the unity of monetary policy, but also negative ones because of the different levels of development of political, economic, monetary and fiscal systems of members countries and their institutional characteristics, and as a consequence the financial fragmentation of EMU, when individuals and legal entities with the same profile working and operating in different countries get different access to financial resources and on different terms. To overcome the effects of the crisis both on the side of national governments of the euro zone countries and on the side of ECB the measures have been taken to stimulate business activity, improve sovereign and bank balance sheets. In particular, the ECB has pursued a policy of reducing the refinancing rates on loans and deposits, credit and quantitative easing by the ECB's purchase of commercial papers, corporate bonds and securities backed by assets, long-term government commitments from commercial banks and other private enterprises. Interest rates on deposits of the major central banks have been reduced to negative values for the first time in recent history. In sum it has allowed, though not immediately, to stabilize the situation and get out on the path of economic growth, prospects of which for the coming years are estimated to be moderately optimistic. The current situation in the euro area is characterized by the gradual improvement of the rational expectations of economic agents. However, the economic recovery is still insufficient and uneven. Inflation is too low for too long, financial markets still remain fragmented. This situation prevents the sustainable recovery of economic equilibrium and substantial progress in reducing debt and unemployment.