Suchergebnisse

УДК 347.965The subject of the article is the criminal legal aid in China.The main goal of this work is to introduce the current state of legal aid in criminal cases in China to Russian scholars and legal professionals.Results. Criminal Legal Aid in China appeared relatively recently, and in the last years of its operation was marked by a number of achievements and some problems. Legal assistance in criminal cases is an integral part of the institute of legal aid in China and plays an invalu-able role in ensuring due process, maintaining the balance between prosecution and de-fense, as well as in guaranteeing human rights. This study contains a general description of the current state of criminal legal aid in China, highlights inherent problems of this institu-tion and describes prospects of its development. This work is based on the Criminal Proce-dure Code of the PRC in version of 2013 year, and provides analysis of the Russian and Chi-nese special literature, Chinese law and practice, as well as the official Chinese statistics. The scope of legal assistance in criminal cases is extremely narrow, the funding is not enough, and the quality leaves much to be desired. These and other shortcomings already have become obstacles to the development of the Chinese criminal procedure law. Despite of a number of changes to the legal regulation of the institute in the 2013 edition of the PRC Criminal Procedure Code, a number of issues remained unresolved.Conclusions. The existing difficulties can be overcame by expanding the scope of legal aid, increase in funding and introduction of public defenders. To increase funding in the budgets proposed to establish minimum public funding of legal aid, to attract non-governmental and international funding, to strengthen control and to ensure openness and transparency of spending. To improve the quality of legal aid PRC government should rise up compensations for lawyers, introduce the institution of public defender and create a mechanism for evaluating the quality of legal assistance. ; УДК 347.965Институт юридической помощи по уголовным делам в КНР появился относительно недавно. В последние годы его функционирование ознаменовалось как рядом достижений, так и некоторыми проблемами. Сфера применения юридической помощи по уголовным делам чрезвычайно узка, финансирование недостаточно, а качество оставляет желать лучшего – эти и другие недостатки уже превратились в препятствия на пути развития китайского уголовного судопроизводства. Несмотря на ряд изменений, внесенных в правовое регулирование данного института новой редакцией УПК КНР 2013 г., целый ряд проблем остался нерешенным. Представляется, что путем расширения сферы применения юридической помощи, увеличения финансирования и введения должностей государственных адвокатов существующие затруднения могут быть преодолены.

The subject of the article is the legal and practical problems of cross-border personal bankruptcyin Russia and China.The main goal of this work is to analyze the major issues and obstacles in recognition andenforcement of Russian individual bankruptcy decisions in China and introduce it to Russianscholars and legal professionals.The methodological basis is analysis of the Russian and Chinese legislation, judicial practiceand special literatureThe results, scope of application. This article discusses the possibility of applying the provisionsof the Federal Law On Insolvency (Bankruptcy) to the Chinese nationals registered asindividual entrepreneurs in Russia. The article also reviews the Chinese legal regulation andoffers recommendations on execution of the court judgments on bankruptcy and collectionof debts from the PRC nationals. Existing Russian legislation allows to recognize the foreignnationals as bankrupts. The provisions on the cross-border insolvency also apply to them.The bankruptcy in China is not applied currently to the individuals, although theoretically itmay affect their property sphere during the bankruptcy of an individual private enterprise.Conclusions. The cross-border insolvency of the Chinese nationals encounters obstacles on threelevels. Firstly, the awards of the Russian arbitration courts have not been practically enforced inPRC due to inadequate notification of the Chinese party in the case. Secondly, Chinese courts inprinciple are extremely reluctant in recognizing foreign judgments on bankruptcy, such cases areexceptional. Thirdly, there is no personal bankruptcy institution in the PRC, while similar procedureslike bankruptcy of individual private enterprises are not applied in reality, and there are nolegislative prospects for the personal bankruptcy in the nearest future. Therefore, when conductingthe bankruptcy procedure for the Chinese nationals on the Russian territory, one can onlycount on their property located on this side of the border. ; В статье на основе российского и китайского законодательства, судебной практики испециальной литературы рассмотрена возможность применения положений Федерального закона от 26 октября 2002 г. «О несостоятельности (банкротстве)» к китайским гражданам, зарегистрированным в качестве индивидуальных предпринимателей, дан обзор китайского правового регулирования и предложены рекомендации по исполнению судебных решений о банкротстве и взысканию долгов с граждан КНР. Трансграничное банкротство китайских граждан встречает препятствия на трех уровнях. Во-первых, решения российских арбитражных судов в КНР практически не исполняются в связи с ненадлежащим извещением китайской стороны в деле. Во-вторых, китайские суды крайне неохотно признают иностранные решения о банкротстве в принципе, такие случаи носят исключительный характер. В-третьих, в КНР отсутствует институт банкротства физических лиц, близкое к нему банкротство индивидуальных частных предприятий на практике не применяется, а перспективы законодательного закрепления банкротства граждан в ближайшем будущем отсутствуют.

УДК 349.41The article is devoted to the analysis of legal forms and informal land use practices existing among Chinese farmers on the Russian Far East. The main intention of the authors is to explore the reasons for the existence of sustainable practices circumvent legal restrictions of land rights of foreign citizens and legal entities, as well as determine the "limits of limitations" of land rights of foreigners (including property and land lease rights). Problem field of the research includes definition of trends of legal regulation in this sphere, classification of informal land use practices by Chinese farmers, as well as a comparative description of the trends in legal regulation of land relations with foreign element in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Asia-Pacific countries. Methodology includes sociological methods (interview, participant observation) by which authors has obtained and classified infor-mation on informal land use practices existing among Chinese farmers. Specially-legal methods (including comparative legal analysis and method of normative interpretation) were used to determine the regulatory trends in neighboring countries as well as to find out the limits of restrictions which may be imposed on foreigners land rights without con-tradiction with federal Constitution. Restrictive initiatives promoted recently by Ministry of agriculture not only make a visible contrast with the liberalization of land use in the neighboring countries of the Asia-Pacific region, but also are not adequate in light of the government's intentions to attract foreign investment into the economy of the Far East region. The fact that some subjective rights belongs to foreign citizens and legal persons in itself does not allow the government to restrict them more than such rights of Russian citizens. Moreover, further limitation invades in the very essence of the content (core) of the right for land. A further limitation of land use rights of foreigners not only would repel investment, but will also encourage the development of informal land use practices, which, in turn, are the breeding ground for corruption in local government, as well as in the controlling and supervisory authorities. ; УДК 349.41Статья посвящена анализу правовых ограничений и неформальных практик землепользования, существующих среди китайских фермеров на Дальнем Востоке России. Ограничительные инициативы последнего времени не только составляют контраст с либерализацией режима землепользования в соседних государствах АТР, но и не очевидны в свете правительственных намерений по привлечению иностранных инвестиций в экономику Дальнего Востока. Принадлежность субъективных прав иностранцам сама по себе не дает возможности большего их ограничения в сравнении с правами российских граждан. Дальнейшие их ограничения вторгаются в само существо содержания (ядро) права на землю. Ограничение прав землепользования иностранцев не только оттолкнет инвестиции, но и будет стимулировать развитие неформальных практик землепользования, которые являются питательной средой для коррупции в органах государственной власти и местного самоуправления.