Suchergebnisse

The Problem setting. General globalization processes on the European continent and the aggressive actions of individual States caused a radical revision of the system of ensuring national security of Ukraine, which transformed in the direction of Euro-Atlantic integration. Dramatic geopolitical changes of the last decade, the military-political confrontation with the Russian Federation radically transformed the whole organization of international relations established after the Second world war. Therefore, the problem of ensuring national security is our country in modern conditions a special, unprecedented, value.Recent research and publications analysis. The availability of scientific publications allows us to conclude that the research of the designated problems is carried out mainly within the framework of political and economic science. Attempts holistic philosophical understanding of the nature and determinants of the direction of development of Ukrainian society in the Euro-Atlantic area are insufficient. Paper objective. The purpose of this article is to attempt a philosophical understanding of the need for Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine in the context of ensuring its national security. Paper main body. Ukraine is becoming a more active player in international relations due to its geopolitical position. Modern Ukraine plays an extremely important role in the development of political and economic cooperation on the European continent and in adjacent areas, providing in conditions of extreme military and information aggressive activity of Russia regional stability and security. For Ukraine, the issue of Euro-Atlantic choice is not rhetorical. History cites many vivid examples that clearly demonstrate that their historical-cultural and mental sources Ukraine has always belonged to the transatlantic space. In the foreign policy priorities of our state, this selection occupies a special place. The modern foreign political course of Ukraine for Euro-Atlantic integration implies the desire to become part of the most efficient and effective collective security system, with clear guarantees of their own security. The intensification of European integration processes means more intensive inclusion of Ukraine in international cooperation for conflict and counter the latest threats in the security sphere. The main directions of ensuring national security in the sphere of international cooperation is integration into the international system of security and cooperation on prevention of illegal actions in the sphere of security. The article highlights how obvious the prospects and benefits of Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine and its possible risks and threats to national security.Conclusions of the research. Despite the fact that a full-fledged member of the Euro-Atlantic space in the short and even medium term, Ukraine will not be able to become, it can significantly increase cooperation with the countries of the West, which will greatly enhance her chances and accelerate the pace of integration. The course of Euro-Atlantic integration is not limited to declarations and statements. This is a concrete, planned, multi-faceted activity. Being interconnected and interdependent, the problems of security and development of modern society require a comprehensive study because of their joint decisions determine the future as a separate country and humanity in General. ; В статье делается попытка философского осмысления необходимости евроатлантической интеграции для Украины в контексте обеспечения ее национальной безопасности. Европейский вектор отечественного государственного развития рассматривается как один из базовых объектов национальной безопасности Украины. Обосновывается, что евроатлантический выбор – это единственный приемлемый путь магистрального развития Украины, соответствующий ее национальным интересам, желанию народа обеспечить свое надежное безопасное будущее. Выделены как вполне очевидные перспективы и преимущества евроатлантической интеграции Украины, так и ее возможные риски и угрозы для национальной безопасности. ; У статті робиться спроба філософського осмислення необхідності євроатлантичної інтеграції для України в контексті забезпечення її національної безпеки. Європейський вектор вітчизняного державотворення розглядається як один з базових об'єктів національної безпеки України. Обґрунтовується, що євроатлантичний вибір – це єдиний прийнятний шлях магістрального розвитку України, який відповідає її національним інтересам, бажанню народу забезпечити своє надійне безпечне майбутнє. Виокремлені як цілком очевидні перспективи та переваги євроатлантичної інтеграції України, так і її можливі ризики та загрози для національної безпеки.

The Problem setting. General globalization processes on the European continent and the aggressive actions of individual States caused a radical revision of the system of ensuring national security of Ukraine, which transformed in the direction of Euro-Atlantic integration. Dramatic geopolitical changes of the last decade, the military-political confrontation with the Russian Federation radically transformed the whole organization of international relations established after the Second world war. Therefore, the problem of ensuring national security is our country in modern conditions a special, unprecedented, value.Recent research and publications analysis. The availability of scientific publications allows us to conclude that the research of the designated problems is carried out mainly within the framework of political and economic science. Attempts holistic philosophical understanding of the nature and determinants of the direction of development of Ukrainian society in the Euro-Atlantic area are insufficient. Paper objective. The purpose of this article is to attempt a philosophical understanding of the need for Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine in the context of ensuring its national security. Paper main body. Ukraine is becoming a more active player in international relations due to its geopolitical position. Modern Ukraine plays an extremely important role in the development of political and economic cooperation on the European continent and in adjacent areas, providing in conditions of extreme military and information aggressive activity of Russia regional stability and security. For Ukraine, the issue of Euro-Atlantic choice is not rhetorical. History cites many vivid examples that clearly demonstrate that their historical-cultural and mental sources Ukraine has always belonged to the transatlantic space. In the foreign policy priorities of our state, this selection occupies a special place. The modern foreign political course of Ukraine for Euro-Atlantic integration implies the desire to become part of the most efficient and effective collective security system, with clear guarantees of their own security. The intensification of European integration processes means more intensive inclusion of Ukraine in international cooperation for conflict and counter the latest threats in the security sphere. The main directions of ensuring national security in the sphere of international cooperation is integration into the international system of security and cooperation on prevention of illegal actions in the sphere of security. The article highlights how obvious the prospects and benefits of Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine and its possible risks and threats to national security.Conclusions of the research. Despite the fact that a full-fledged member of the Euro-Atlantic space in the short and even medium term, Ukraine will not be able to become, it can significantly increase cooperation with the countries of the West, which will greatly enhance her chances and accelerate the pace of integration. The course of Euro-Atlantic integration is not limited to declarations and statements. This is a concrete, planned, multi-faceted activity. Being interconnected and interdependent, the problems of security and development of modern society require a comprehensive study because of their joint decisions determine the future as a separate country and humanity in General. ; В статье делается попытка философского осмысления необходимости евроатлантической интеграции для Украины в контексте обеспечения ее национальной безопасности. Европейский вектор отечественного государственного развития рассматривается как один из базовых объектов национальной безопасности Украины. Обосновывается, что евроатлантический выбор – это единственный приемлемый путь магистрального развития Украины, соответствующий ее национальным интересам, желанию народа обеспечить свое надежное безопасное будущее. Выделены как вполне очевидные перспективы и преимущества евроатлантической интеграции Украины, так и ее возможные риски и угрозы для национальной безопасности. ; У статті робиться спроба філософського осмислення необхідності євроатлантичної інтеграції для України в контексті забезпечення її національної безпеки. Європейський вектор вітчизняного державотворення розглядається як один з базових об'єктів національної безпеки України. Обґрунтовується, що євроатлантичний вибір – це єдиний прийнятний шлях магістрального розвитку України, який відповідає її національним інтересам, бажанню народу забезпечити своє надійне безпечне майбутнє. Виокремлені як цілком очевидні перспективи та переваги євроатлантичної інтеграції України, так і її можливі ризики та загрози для національної безпеки.

The article analyzes the problem of the formation of the imperative of human activity's explication in outer space. It is asserted that the existing international agreements and legal framework for the regulation of human activities in outer space requires thorough study and close attention from researchers. The main challenges, generated by outer space exploration, bring not only potential benefits but global threats and risks to the existence of human civilization. The enlisted problems in the outer space exploration have two levels of solutions in the legal aspect: improvement of the existing legal framework of international instruments and the design of regulation of human activity in the subsequent challenges of the interstellar world exploration. The need for legal regulation of all major manifestations of activity in outer space indicates the embryonic state of the relevant imperatives, which are closely linked to the challenges to the safety of mankind and its civilization progress. The content of the outer space exploration strategy is demonstrated from the point of non-classical paradigm of philosophy and epistemology, which significantly delegitimize modern ethical and axiological principles. The search of strategies of legal support of the civilization development in the context of space exploration is carried out according to following formulated trends: the demarcation of nationalized airspace and universal space, the problem of the militarization of the space expansion of mankind, the development of telecommunication technologies and the use of geostationary orbit, technological, medical and biological research — all these activities significantly change the direction of our daily routines and the overall security status of the earth civilization development. ; В статье анализируется проблема формирования императива экспликации человеческой активности в космическом пространстве. Обосновывается мнение, что нормативно-правовая база регламентации человеческой деятельности в космическом пространстве требует основательной проработки. Основные проблемы, продуцируемые освоением космоса, несут не только потенциальные выгоды, но и глобальные угрозы и риски существованию человеческой цивилизации. Продемонстрировано содержание стратегии по освоению космического пространства с учетом неклассической парадигмы философии и эпистемологии, что существенно делегитимизирует содержание современных этико-аксиологических принципов. Поиск стратегий правового обеспечения безопасного развития цивилизации в контексте освоения космоса осуществляется в пределах восьми сформулированных трендов (делимитация космоса, предотвращение милитаризации, экологические проблемы освоения космоса, ресурсные возможности космоса и т.д.). ; У статті аналізується проблема формування імперативу експлікації людської активності в космічному просторі. Доводиться думка, що нормативно-правова база регламентації людської діяльності у космічному просторі потребує ґрунтовного опрацювання. Основні проблеми, продуковані освоєнням космосу, несуть не тільки потенційні вигоди, але й глобальні загрози та ризики існуванню людської цивілізації. Продемонстровано зміст стратегії з освоєння космічного простору з огляду на некласичну парадигму філософії та епістемології, які суттєво делегітимізують зміст сучасних етико-аксіологічних принципів. Пошук стратегій правового забезпечення безпекового розвитку цивілізації у контексті освоєння космосу здійснено у межах восьми сформульованих трендів (делімітація космосу, запобігання мілітаризації, екологічні проблеми освоєння космосу, ресурсоспроможність космосу тощо).

The article analyzes the problem of the formation of the imperative of human activity's explication in outer space. It is asserted that the existing international agreements and legal framework for the regulation of human activities in outer space requires thorough study and close attention from researchers. The main challenges, generated by outer space exploration, bring not only potential benefits but global threats and risks to the existence of human civilization. The enlisted problems in the outer space exploration have two levels of solutions in the legal aspect: improvement of the existing legal framework of international instruments and the design of regulation of human activity in the subsequent challenges of the interstellar world exploration. The need for legal regulation of all major manifestations of activity in outer space indicates the embryonic state of the relevant imperatives, which are closely linked to the challenges to the safety of mankind and its civilization progress. The content of the outer space exploration strategy is demonstrated from the point of non-classical paradigm of philosophy and epistemology, which significantly delegitimize modern ethical and axiological principles. The search of strategies of legal support of the civilization development in the context of space exploration is carried out according to following formulated trends: the demarcation of nationalized airspace and universal space, the problem of the militarization of the space expansion of mankind, the development of telecommunication technologies and the use of geostationary orbit, technological, medical and biological research — all these activities significantly change the direction of our daily routines and the overall security status of the earth civilization development. ; В статье анализируется проблема формирования императива экспликации человеческой активности в космическом пространстве. Обосновывается мнение, что нормативно-правовая база регламентации человеческой деятельности в космическом пространстве требует основательной проработки. Основные проблемы, продуцируемые освоением космоса, несут не только потенциальные выгоды, но и глобальные угрозы и риски существованию человеческой цивилизации. Продемонстрировано содержание стратегии по освоению космического пространства с учетом неклассической парадигмы философии и эпистемологии, что существенно делегитимизирует содержание современных этико-аксиологических принципов. Поиск стратегий правового обеспечения безопасного развития цивилизации в контексте освоения космоса осуществляется в пределах восьми сформулированных трендов (делимитация космоса, предотвращение милитаризации, экологические проблемы освоения космоса, ресурсные возможности космоса и т.д.). ; У статті аналізується проблема формування імперативу експлікації людської активності в космічному просторі. Доводиться думка, що нормативно-правова база регламентації людської діяльності у космічному просторі потребує ґрунтовного опрацювання. Основні проблеми, продуковані освоєнням космосу, несуть не тільки потенційні вигоди, але й глобальні загрози та ризики існуванню людської цивілізації. Продемонстровано зміст стратегії з освоєння космічного простору з огляду на некласичну парадигму філософії та епістемології, які суттєво делегітимізують зміст сучасних етико-аксіологічних принципів. Пошук стратегій правового забезпечення безпекового розвитку цивілізації у контексті освоєння космосу здійснено у межах восьми сформульованих трендів (делімітація космосу, запобігання мілітаризації, екологічні проблеми освоєння космосу, ресурсоспроможність космосу тощо).

Problem setting. Although modern humanity has proclaimed the universality of human dignity and desperately upholds this value, which is fully in harmony with freedom, equality and fraternity, the truth is that in reality it has not yet been able to go beyond the status of a citizen of the nation state in its legal and political conventions. . In this sense, a very important issue is the representation of the real situation around the categories of "universal citizenship", "human rights" and "globalization" in the midst of the geopolitical conflict in Latin America caused by the persecution of 21st century socialism. Paper objective. This critical essay aims to discuss the real significance of such political and legal categories as "universal citizenship", "human rights" and "globalization" in the midst of the geopolitical conflict that led to the persecution of 21st century socialism in Latin America. Methodology. The methodological field of the research uses documentary observation and dialectical hermeneutics, which help to compare and reconcile categories with different semantic contexts to reconstruct their true meaning. The technique of writing this research was the methodological procedure of the hermeneutic circle, which is a sequential analysis of numerous written documentary sources, combined in a kind of dialogic context with hidden messages that can be read between the lines, as well as interpretive theories and critical thinking. Paper main body. There is much in common between the contemporary political and philosophical programs of the Western cultural space, of which Latin Americans are a part, and the ideas of universal citizenship, globalization, and human rights in a spirit of deep militant universalism that function fully today not only as abstract theories at the disposal of peoples and nations who continue to work to improve their living conditions and strengthen their freedom to exist and act in a better world. As for the tradition of human rights as a modern expression of natural law, it dates back to ancient times and even dates back to the great religions, which in their own way developed and substantiated the idea of human dignity. The history of the Institute of Human Rights has a pronounced anthropocentric character and deserves to be expanded in accordance with the geopolitical realities of the modern world, in order to protect the indisputable value of all life forms affected by such phenomena as global warming and the associated greenhouse effect. economic growth that requires technological and industrial modernization. For its part, "globalization with a human face" means the ability to interconnect and enrich not only material and financial resources, due to the insatiability of international markets, but also the cycle of knowledge and people required by modern world democracies to strengthen their social and human capital. . In this context, the idea of global or universal citizenship, while seeming utopian, is of paramount importance as it broadens the political phenomenon of citizenship, which is vital to modern democracies or polyarchies, forgetting the tradition of history ruled by supreme forces and structures. Although, according to K. Popper, already the historicist concept assigned a fundamental role in building a reality conducive to the exercise of freedom, the citizen, conscious and active. Thus, if globalization is reduced purely to the internationalization of capital and selective human and technological resources solely in the interests of corporate elites and does not turn into a globalization of social welfare and dignity - a process in which universal citizenship would be a logical consequence, then partial globalization, which can do little to promote an open society in the 21st century. Conclusions of the research. The study concludes that if globalization is reduced to the internationalization of capital and individual human and technological resources for the benefit of the corporate elite and does not extend to the globalization of social welfare and dignity, where universal citizenship would be a logical consequence, such globalization is unlikely to contribute building an open society of the XXI century. ; Статья посвящена исследованию дискурса по поводу категорий "универсальное гражданство", "права человека" и "глобализация", а также реальной ситуации вокруг данных категорий в условиях геополитического конфликта в Латинской Америке. В результате исследования сделан вывод о том, что если глобализация будет сведена к интернационализации капитала, а также отдельных человеческих и технологических ресурсов в пользу корпоративной элиты и не распространится на глобализацию социального благополучия и достоинства жизни, при котором универсальное гражданство было бы логическим следствием, такая глобализация вряд ли сможет способствовать развитию открытого общества XXI века. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню дискурсу з приводу категорії "універсальне громадянство", "права людини" й "глобалізація" та реальної ситуації навколо цих категорій в розпалі геополітичного конфлікту у Латинській Америці. В результаті дослідження досягнуто висновку: якщо глобалізація буде зведена до інтернаціоналізації капіталів, а також окремих людських і технологічних ресурсів на користь корпоративній еліті і не розповсюдиться на глобалізацію соціального добробуту та гідності життя, де універсальне громадянство було б логічним наслідком, така глобалізація навряд чи зможе сприяти розвитку відкритого суспільства ХХІ століття.

Problem setting. Although modern humanity has proclaimed the universality of human dignity and desperately upholds this value, which is fully in harmony with freedom, equality and fraternity, the truth is that in reality it has not yet been able to go beyond the status of a citizen of the nation state in its legal and political conventions. . In this sense, a very important issue is the representation of the real situation around the categories of "universal citizenship", "human rights" and "globalization" in the midst of the geopolitical conflict in Latin America caused by the persecution of 21st century socialism. Paper objective. This critical essay aims to discuss the real significance of such political and legal categories as "universal citizenship", "human rights" and "globalization" in the midst of the geopolitical conflict that led to the persecution of 21st century socialism in Latin America. Methodology. The methodological field of the research uses documentary observation and dialectical hermeneutics, which help to compare and reconcile categories with different semantic contexts to reconstruct their true meaning. The technique of writing this research was the methodological procedure of the hermeneutic circle, which is a sequential analysis of numerous written documentary sources, combined in a kind of dialogic context with hidden messages that can be read between the lines, as well as interpretive theories and critical thinking. Paper main body. There is much in common between the contemporary political and philosophical programs of the Western cultural space, of which Latin Americans are a part, and the ideas of universal citizenship, globalization, and human rights in a spirit of deep militant universalism that function fully today not only as abstract theories at the disposal of peoples and nations who continue to work to improve their living conditions and strengthen their freedom to exist and act in a better world. As for the tradition of human rights as a modern expression of natural law, it dates back to ancient times and even dates back to the great religions, which in their own way developed and substantiated the idea of human dignity. The history of the Institute of Human Rights has a pronounced anthropocentric character and deserves to be expanded in accordance with the geopolitical realities of the modern world, in order to protect the indisputable value of all life forms affected by such phenomena as global warming and the associated greenhouse effect. economic growth that requires technological and industrial modernization. For its part, "globalization with a human face" means the ability to interconnect and enrich not only material and financial resources, due to the insatiability of international markets, but also the cycle of knowledge and people required by modern world democracies to strengthen their social and human capital. . In this context, the idea of global or universal citizenship, while seeming utopian, is of paramount importance as it broadens the political phenomenon of citizenship, which is vital to modern democracies or polyarchies, forgetting the tradition of history ruled by supreme forces and structures. Although, according to K. Popper, already the historicist concept assigned a fundamental role in building a reality conducive to the exercise of freedom, the citizen, conscious and active. Thus, if globalization is reduced purely to the internationalization of capital and selective human and technological resources solely in the interests of corporate elites and does not turn into a globalization of social welfare and dignity - a process in which universal citizenship would be a logical consequence, then partial globalization, which can do little to promote an open society in the 21st century. Conclusions of the research. The study concludes that if globalization is reduced to the internationalization of capital and individual human and technological resources for the benefit of the corporate elite and does not extend to the globalization of social welfare and dignity, where universal citizenship would be a logical consequence, such globalization is unlikely to contribute building an open society of the XXI century. ; Статья посвящена исследованию дискурса по поводу категорий "универсальное гражданство", "права человека" и "глобализация", а также реальной ситуации вокруг данных категорий в условиях геополитического конфликта в Латинской Америке. В результате исследования сделан вывод о том, что если глобализация будет сведена к интернационализации капитала, а также отдельных человеческих и технологических ресурсов в пользу корпоративной элиты и не распространится на глобализацию социального благополучия и достоинства жизни, при котором универсальное гражданство было бы логическим следствием, такая глобализация вряд ли сможет способствовать развитию открытого общества XXI века. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню дискурсу з приводу категорії "універсальне громадянство", "права людини" й "глобалізація" та реальної ситуації навколо цих категорій в розпалі геополітичного конфлікту у Латинській Америці. В результаті дослідження досягнуто висновку: якщо глобалізація буде зведена до інтернаціоналізації капіталів, а також окремих людських і технологічних ресурсів на користь корпоративній еліті і не розповсюдиться на глобалізацію соціального добробуту та гідності життя, де універсальне громадянство було б логічним наслідком, така глобалізація навряд чи зможе сприяти розвитку відкритого суспільства ХХІ століття.

Problem setting. Critical thinking is an attribute of consciousness that can be manifested in all human activities where it is required, as a condition ofpossibility, in the use of critical reason and deliberation. Consequently, it is in the domains of politics that critical thinking is used more frequently, to discuss the scope and concrete significance of the discourses and practices that, from the exercise ofpublic powers, are deployed on intelligent citizenship and with the minimum necessary of information for peer deliberation.Recent research and publications analysis. The term «critical thinking» itself is inextricably linked with the concept of «criticism. The Modern Dictionary of Social Sciences defines the term «criticism» as «a way of spiritual activity, the main task of which is to give a holistic assessment of the phenomenon, revealing its contradictions, strengths and weaknesses». Critical thinking is understood as a system of judgments, which is used to analyze things and events with the formulation ofsound conclusions and allows us to make informed estimates, interpretations, and also apply the results to situations and problems. According to a number of researchers (Palacios, Alvarez, Moreira, and Moran, 2017), critical thinking is a type of reasoning that can be defined differently, but most of these reasoning always have something to do with the act of a survey or assessment. For this reason, speaking of critical thinking in general terms, references are made to questions and assessments, which ultimately make it possible to express a judgment or substantiate a position regarding a fact, phenomenon or idea. There is a position that the transition to a critical level of thinking in a particular community is a necessary prerequisite for the beginning of the civilized development of this community.Paper objective. The objective of this article is to deconstruct the most common contributions of critical thinking, as a form ofparticipation and political deliberation. It is about investigating what it implies for a social actor or political subject to think critically, by reviewing different theoretical and legal developments, which have been propping up dialectically in the West, since the advent of the philosophical program of political modernity, a culture of critical thinking that subsumes to different notions such as: freedom of conscience, freedom of expression, autonomy of the person, rights of resistance to oppression and free development of personality.Methodology. Methodologically it is a research of documentary design developed in the coordinates of the philosophical essay, next to the Latin American philosopher and the revision of the most popular political theory.Paper main body. Democracy is the natural space of critical thinking. In it, the individual - and beyond, the social movements - find the basic conditions for the development of criticality: freedom (recognition in the legal plane offreedom of thought and expression), and the possibility of dissenting in order to seek social change. In this sense, critical thinking is not the exclusive patrimony of a progressive or conservative ideology, but of every person and social group that, in a context of democratic exercise, think about the established order and its transformation.Totalitarian systems repress critical thinking, and although they do not cancel it due to the resistance of some dissenting voices, they prevent it from becoming generalized in the population. The change or conformation ofan order of justice, equality and participation, aspiration present in the critical vision of society, is replaced in totalitarianism (either from the right or from the left) by an ideology of control, where freedom is curtailed, to sow in the population the belief in a non-existent functional order, when in reality it is devoid of a minimum of rationality.Democratic systems, in contrast to totalitarian systems, promote freedom of expression and recognize the right of citizens to think differently from what is considered normal in society. In this way, critical thinking does not represent a threat to democracy, but is part of it; while for totalitarianism, it is simply subversive and dangerous.Conclusions of the research. Among the main findings, the idea that critical thinking is not the exclusive patrimony of certain self-defined political and ideological tendencies as progressive in the region stands out. It is concluded that, this way of thinking is uncomfortable per se for all the paradigms that serve as the basis for the status quo, in politics and society. ; В статье обосновывается, что критическое мышление, будучи атрибутом че­ловеческого сознания, так или иначе, проявляет себя во всех видах деятельности человека, предполагающих использование критического разума и последующего дис­курса. Обращается внимание, что чаще всего критическое мышление применяется именно в политико-правовой сфере. Утверждается, что критическое мышление предполагает для своего применения демократическую культуру, которая способ­ствует толерантности, политическим дебатам и социальному консенсусу. ; У статті обґрунтовується, що критичне мислення, будучи атрибутом людської свідомості, так чи інакше, проявляє себе в усіх видах діяльності людини, що перед­бачають використання критичного розуму та подальшого дискурсу. Доводиться, що найчастіше критичне мислення застосовується саме в політико-правовій сфері. Стверджується, що критичне мислення передбачає для свого застосування демо­кратичну культуру, яка сприяє толерантності, політичним дебатам та соціально­му консенсусу.

Problem setting. Critical thinking is an attribute of consciousness that can be manifested in all human activities where it is required, as a condition ofpossibility, in the use of critical reason and deliberation. Consequently, it is in the domains of politics that critical thinking is used more frequently, to discuss the scope and concrete significance of the discourses and practices that, from the exercise ofpublic powers, are deployed on intelligent citizenship and with the minimum necessary of information for peer deliberation.Recent research and publications analysis. The term «critical thinking» itself is inextricably linked with the concept of «criticism. The Modern Dictionary of Social Sciences defines the term «criticism» as «a way of spiritual activity, the main task of which is to give a holistic assessment of the phenomenon, revealing its contradictions, strengths and weaknesses». Critical thinking is understood as a system of judgments, which is used to analyze things and events with the formulation ofsound conclusions and allows us to make informed estimates, interpretations, and also apply the results to situations and problems. According to a number of researchers (Palacios, Alvarez, Moreira, and Moran, 2017), critical thinking is a type of reasoning that can be defined differently, but most of these reasoning always have something to do with the act of a survey or assessment. For this reason, speaking of critical thinking in general terms, references are made to questions and assessments, which ultimately make it possible to express a judgment or substantiate a position regarding a fact, phenomenon or idea. There is a position that the transition to a critical level of thinking in a particular community is a necessary prerequisite for the beginning of the civilized development of this community.Paper objective. The objective of this article is to deconstruct the most common contributions of critical thinking, as a form ofparticipation and political deliberation. It is about investigating what it implies for a social actor or political subject to think critically, by reviewing different theoretical and legal developments, which have been propping up dialectically in the West, since the advent of the philosophical program of political modernity, a culture of critical thinking that subsumes to different notions such as: freedom of conscience, freedom of expression, autonomy of the person, rights of resistance to oppression and free development of personality.Methodology. Methodologically it is a research of documentary design developed in the coordinates of the philosophical essay, next to the Latin American philosopher and the revision of the most popular political theory.Paper main body. Democracy is the natural space of critical thinking. In it, the individual - and beyond, the social movements - find the basic conditions for the development of criticality: freedom (recognition in the legal plane offreedom of thought and expression), and the possibility of dissenting in order to seek social change. In this sense, critical thinking is not the exclusive patrimony of a progressive or conservative ideology, but of every person and social group that, in a context of democratic exercise, think about the established order and its transformation.Totalitarian systems repress critical thinking, and although they do not cancel it due to the resistance of some dissenting voices, they prevent it from becoming generalized in the population. The change or conformation ofan order of justice, equality and participation, aspiration present in the critical vision of society, is replaced in totalitarianism (either from the right or from the left) by an ideology of control, where freedom is curtailed, to sow in the population the belief in a non-existent functional order, when in reality it is devoid of a minimum of rationality.Democratic systems, in contrast to totalitarian systems, promote freedom of expression and recognize the right of citizens to think differently from what is considered normal in society. In this way, critical thinking does not represent a threat to democracy, but is part of it; while for totalitarianism, it is simply subversive and dangerous.Conclusions of the research. Among the main findings, the idea that critical thinking is not the exclusive patrimony of certain self-defined political and ideological tendencies as progressive in the region stands out. It is concluded that, this way of thinking is uncomfortable per se for all the paradigms that serve as the basis for the status quo, in politics and society. ; В статье обосновывается, что критическое мышление, будучи атрибутом че­ловеческого сознания, так или иначе, проявляет себя во всех видах деятельности человека, предполагающих использование критического разума и последующего дис­курса. Обращается внимание, что чаще всего критическое мышление применяется именно в политико-правовой сфере. Утверждается, что критическое мышление предполагает для своего применения демократическую культуру, которая способ­ствует толерантности, политическим дебатам и социальному консенсусу. ; У статті обґрунтовується, що критичне мислення, будучи атрибутом людської свідомості, так чи інакше, проявляє себе в усіх видах діяльності людини, що перед­бачають використання критичного розуму та подальшого дискурсу. Доводиться, що найчастіше критичне мислення застосовується саме в політико-правовій сфері. Стверджується, що критичне мислення передбачає для свого застосування демо­кратичну культуру, яка сприяє толерантності, політичним дебатам та соціально­му консенсусу.