Suchergebnisse

Рассматриваются природа и основные черты мифа, их выражение в современных идеологических мифах. Анализируются тенденции мифологизации идеологии и политики в современной России. ; The author studies the nature and main characteristics of a myth and their manifestation in up-to-date ideological myths. The tendencies of mythologizing ideology and politics in contemporary Russia are analyzed.

Меры по преодолению правового нигилизма делятся на стратегические и тактические. К тактическим мерам относятся совершенствование законодательства, уголовные репрессии, ужесточение административного контроля. Стратегические меры включают развитие разделения властей, гражданского общества, политической конкуренции. ; Measures to resist legal nihilism is divided into strategic and tactic. Tactic ones are perfection legislation, criminal repressions, administrative control toughening. Strategic measures are the follows: development of separation of powers, civil society and political competition.

Рассматриваются причины несоответствия между содержанием Конституции РФ и реальными политическими практиками. Предлагаются принципы и идеи, развивающие систему сдержек и противовесов в разделении властей. ; The article deals with the reasons for discrepancy between the content of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and existing political practices. The article suggests principles and ideas for developing the concept of check and balances in the separation of powers.

Статья посвящена изучению информационной политики федеральных и региональных телеканалов как главных медиа-ресурсов в плане этничности и национальной идентичности. Механизмы идентичности сегодня испытывают влияние и ментальности советской эпохи, и процессов глобализации. На основе контент-аналитических исследований и социологических опросов телезрителей автор статьи делает выводы о том, что тема конфликтных межнациональных отношений становится приоритетной и будет таковой на протяжении всего периода ревизии имперского наследия страны. ; Russia looking for a way in nation-building, other than the multiculturalism policy of the European Union. The search for these complicated Soviet legacy, when ethnic conflicts have been swept under the carpet and not covered by the mass media. Beginning in 2010, ethnic clashes, not only in the capital but also in the regions so frequent that do not notice them anymore. Riots on Manezh Square near the Kremlin became the first ethnic clash that was widely covered by all federal TV channels and was the starting point for the formation of Russia's new media policy in the coverage of national issues. The present study focuses on the content analysis of the communications of federal and local TV channels on the theme of ethnic relations, as well as the reactions of the viewers on this agenda in the newscasts. The results are compared with the results of our research media, policy and tolerance, commissioned by the Ministry of Education in 2001-2002. So we note that public anger against people of non-Slavic nationalities are much increased, but journalists in Tomsk have not become more irresponsible and provocative. Reports the most eminent in the country local TV-2 demonstrate high professional standards and in this issue. Given the problems arising from migration flows, as well as the growing xenophobic sentiments in society, Russian TV channels are faced with the need to balance between trying to preserve national harmony, glossing over the explosive theme, and the need to join the discussion of public sentiment, echoing fears and prejudices born of discussing these topics.

Внутренняя и внешняя автономия это ключевой элемент журналистского профессионализма. В статье обосновывается институциональное понимание профессиональной автономии, связанное, с одной стороны, с независимостью журналиста от органов государственной власти, а с другой со свободой журналиста от рыночно ориентированной деятельности ради коммерческой прибыли. Автономия рассматривается как необходимое условие развития журналистского таланта и медиасферы в целом. ; Autonomy is a crucial element of journalistic professionalism. The paper explains the institutional understanding of professional autonomy connected, on the one hand, with the independence of a journalist from the state authorities and, on the other hand, with the freedom of journalists from the market-oriented activities for the sake of commercial profit. Today Russian journalism is not considered a liberal profession and creative activity, but rather a business or kind of propaganda. In our country the division into creative (conventionally liberal occupations) and other professions is reviewed periodically. Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini noticed first that journalistic autonomy is the kind of autonomy that politicians are now seeking to limit and to control (especially in times of war and in the years of crisis). The degree of autonomy is the clearest difference between journalism and propaganda. While claiming to create a ''philosophy of journalistic autonomy'', John Merrill examines the role of the media in national development in terms of availability of conflict in a society. In some situations, the press works to maintain social stability, in others to modernize the state and the change of elites. Then the media gradually cease to be a means of harmonizing society and transform into force to support the deployment of a political conflict, and thus increasing their autonomy. Professional autonomy for journalists is hard to define. It is a question of relationships between the profession as a group in a society (external autonomy); it is also autonomy for journalists in their routine work in relation to the editorial staff and media organization (internal autonomy). Internal autonomy can also be a point of financial pressure from owners and commercial departments in media companies. Journalism as a profession is becoming more diverse and has unclear borders, journalistic autonomy is under pressure in many ways. This can be labeled de-professionalization, but be regarded as a change in the profession, an attempt to become more adapted to the new information society environment. Basic questions concern the borders of journalistic work in interaction with other groups inside and outside a media company. Autonomy is seen as a necessary condition for the development of journalistic talent and media sphere as a whole.

В статье дается критический анализ деятельности вещательных телекомпаний в краях, республиках и российских автономиях, рассматриваются проблемы национальной идентичности коммуникаторов и их целевых аудиторий, а также история вопроса с двуязычием на отечественном телевидении. В работе используются материалы контент-анализа программ сибирских вещателей и телекомпаний других регионов. Публикация может быть интересна журналистам и медиаменеджерам, исследователям местного телевещания. ; In Russia today there is no national television channel, and national television is conceived as regional television. This understanding is burdened with the history of the Russian Empire, in which ethnic minorities were often oppressed. In defending their rights, small nations tend to give their national identity better expression using the national media, including national broadcasters. For centuries, Russia had a contradictory and inconsistent government policy in relation to national margins of the country, to their cultures and languages. Such a zigzag policy continues today. For example, the state broadcasting company is supported in localities with only 3500-5000 people (Toura in Sakha, Palana in Chukotka), although these nomad herders camps can receive programs of the Russia channel conducting state policy in their air. On the other hand, foreign language programs exist only in half of the 12 regions of the Siberian federal district (in the republics of Altai, Khakassia, Tuva, Buryatia, Transbaikal region and in Novosibirsk region). National TV companies, as well as the vast majority of other regional television stations, have a small amount of their own production programs (3-4 hours per day). They do not have enough professional staff capable of speaking before a microphone in the languages of small nations. These problems are superimposed on the negative dynamics of language, when many residents of the republics, especially in large cities, lose possession of their native language. In the creation of government policy in the national autonomous regions a balance must be sought between the language of interethnic communication and the language of the titular nation. Any attempt of protrusion of national characteristics lead to flashes of nationalism, but underestimation of ethnic identity leads to cultural failures and reduces the quality of human resources. Understanding the dialectic of the local and the national universal requires journalists to search for specific formats of bilingualism. Television in the regions has a chance to create a language image of the world and to facilitate the integration of different ethnic groups, but, at the same time, TV can be a tool of xenophobia. In light of the orders of the President of the Russian Federation to create a public television in the country in the near future creation of the model of television, transmitting facts, opinions and knowledge, as well as the national image of the world is of particular relevance. Interdisciplinary research is required for television as a cultural factory of nation and the workshop of national identity.

Рассматривается роль телевидения в конструировании регионов и иных воображаемых сообществ, предлагаются новые типологические подходы к определению телеканалов. Анализируются существующие и возможные классификации медиа по охвату территории. Материал может быть интересен журналистам; исследователям федерального, регионального и местного телевещания. ; The territory defines the policy framework and social relationships. The territory is the basis of identity by providing symbols and myths to imagined communities. But the Humanities ignore area as a factor in cultural differences. So far, nobody has given a definition of regional television and drawn a demarcation line between regional and local broadcasting. This article is devoted to the conceptual development of the categories of regional television in scientific research. Relevance of this topic is also connected with the government plans to include one of the regional channels into the second multiplex (digital TV package compulsory for distribution). The article deals with historical changes in views on TV in its spatial dimension. In the Soviet era, only the republics − the most autonomous territorial units − recognized regional specificity. With the deployment of the satellite system of the Central Television local television stations were abolished or reduced to information branches of the Central Television at the causes of the financial constraints of the local broadcasters, constant technological upgrading of the regional TV stations and unnecessary competition between the local TV stations and the All-Union programs. In the television space regionalization of 1990 was reflected in the creation of many private broadcasters, who began their broadcasting activities as an alternative to the Central Television and an opposition to the official forms of culture. The «regional» status that lacked in the Soviet taxonomy appeared in the lexicon of politics, and in the context of mass media. Telecasting is a modern structure of the type of representation of the region and the nation as the highest categories of community. It is due to television that modern people find reasons to believe that other people fancy the same things. A television station of cities and regional studios realize itself if it does not copy or try to imitate the Central TV, but pursues its content strategy and its own programming policy. Its own broadcasters and its authentic television programs are features of the region as a territorial community. Its own infrastructure, including local broadcasters, cable networks and extensive development of Internet resources is a basic life quality indicator in this region. Regional television is a set of broadcasters, covering its entire territory, and partly neighbouring territories and districts. Regional television helps forming a community of people living in the area, through the creation of general information agenda and discusses their common problems. The studies of regional TV in the context of political, economic and social relations are an urgent task of journalism theory and practice.

В статье обосновывается концепция трансграничного телевидения. Рассматривается проблема моделирования и программирования ТВ в соответствии с идеей Европейского союза. Анализируются возможности использования международного опыта в организации межрегионального вещания в России. Материал может быть интересен исследователям массовых коммуникаций, руководителям СМИ и ответственной за лицензирование вещателей правительственной структуре. ; This article presents the rationale for transfrontier television concept. The problem of TV modeling and programming is analyzed in line with the idea of the European Union. It examines the possibility of using international experience in organizing subregional broadcasting in Russia. The material may be the object of interest to researchers of mass communications, media managers and government organizations that are responsible for licensing broadcasters.

Анализируются переосмысление роли национальных вещательных корпораций и изменения в вещательной политике разных стран, связанные с процессом глобализации, что может быть интересно медиаменеджерам, формирующим программную политику телеканалов, и государственным служащим, ответственным за иновещание и экспорт программ. ; An overview of the changes in the broadcasting policies of developed countries involved in the process of globalisation is analysed. The main idea is to redefine the role of national broadcasting corporations: British, Australian and others. Globalisation is beneficial to those who give cultural samples and generate a dominant model. Australian Broadcasting Corporation has built a television network that goes far beyond the "fifth continent". Australia Network television is available in 41 countries. Australian Broadcasting Corporation operates as the main provider of information and the leader of expert opinions for South-East Asia and the Pacific. Though television in Australia started only in 1956, and the Olympic Games in Melbourne was a stimulus to development. The analysis of the concept of ABC broadcasting and program policy can lead us to some conclusions. Since Australia's history, culture and language are associated with the UK, naturally we see the best professional traditions of BBC in ABC. Australians, too, have shared nationwide broadcasting on two channels: ABC 1 and ABC 2; and just as the British did it on the principle for general public and for young educated gentlemen. Just as in Canadian broadcasting, ABC funding assumes two sources: the state budget (80%) and commercial activities (but not advertising in the programs). Due to the successful combination of funding sources and an elaborate legal framework ABC can maintain their independence in programming from business corporations and politics, successfully competing with commercial television networks and remaining a public company for all Australians. There is a unique system of feedback with the ABC audience: the Ombudsman's office (judge for information disputes and the professional ethics of journalists), as well as the ABC Audience and Consumer Affairs unit. The fixed and processed 179,556 requests the audience for the year mean that every sixth TV-viewer for this or that occasion came in contact with the ABC: complained, asked for information, expressed approval and so on. It is difficult to use the experience of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in the practice of Russian television, because in our country we have other traditions of state propaganda, and other TV viewing habits. However, it would be wrong not to see the rational basis in the Australian, Canadian or British broadcasting model for improving our own TV. It is useful to learn from those national broadcasting corporations, which in the global world have became transnational and attracted a lot more viewers to their programs than metropolises attract.

В статье представлен сравнительный анализ государственной политики Индии и Китая в области телевещания. Рассматривается проблема моделирования национальных вещательных корпораций и программной политики крупнейших телеканалов. Материал может быть интересен исследователям массовых коммуникаций, тележурналистам, руководителям СМИ и правительственным структурам, которые ответственны за лицензирование вещателей. ; The article presents comparative analysis of state policy in India and China in the sphere of television. The problem of modeling the national broadcasters and programming policy of the biggest television channels is analyzed. The material may be of interest to researchers of mass communications, television journalists, media managers and government organizations that are responsible for licensing broadcasters.

Анализируются взаимоотношения общества, власти, бизнеса и прессы, а также роль СМИ в демократизации страны и построении гражданского общества. Исследование носит междисциплинарный характер и будет интересно теоретикам журналистики, коммуникативистам, политологам и философам. Некоторые тезисы и рекомендации автора могут быть использованы в политической практике при выработке информационных стратегий. ; This is analysis of a close interaction between society, government, business, press, and also the examination of mass media role in democratization process and civil society construction. Interdisciplinary approach of this article will be interest in journalism theory, communications, political science and philosophy. Some thesis and recommendations by author are useful for political practice of information strategies drawing-up.