The Image of the Enemy in D. Trump's Public Speeches ; Образ ворога в публічних промовах Д. Трампа
The paper discusses the repertoire of the language representation of the enemy image in the public speeches by US President D. Trump. This image is mythological and facilitates setting clear evaluative emphases by politicians. The analyzed texts confirmed that any public speech is targeted at a specific audience and a specific social-cultural context, which determine the choice of the enemy or enemies that will be included in the text. It was shown that the political speaker normally assumes a positive role while communicating with the audience. The essential invariant and variable features of the image of the enemy were identified. It was indicated that in the presidential speeches the image of the enemy is always opposed to that of the friend, as well as the enemy's victim. From the semantic standpoint, the image of the enemy includes a number of characteristics. The enemy may be home or foreign, personalized or generalized, historical or present, implicit or explicit, political, economic or mixed. In addition, the typical actions performed by the enemy were singled out and considered. References 1. Washyk, Klaus. 2005. "Metamorfozy Zla: Nemetsko-Russkiie Obrazy Vraga v Plakatnoi Propagande 30–50-kh Godov". In Obraz Vraga, complited by L. Gudkov ; edited by N. Konradova, 191–229. Moskva: OGI. 2. Gudkov, Lev. 2005. "Ideologema "Vraga". "Vragi" kak Massovyi Sindrom i Mekhanizm Sotsyokulturnoi Integratsyi". In Obraz vraga, complied by L. Gudkov; edited by N. Konradova, 7–79. Moskva: OGI. 3. Kostylev, Yu. S., 2012. "Leksicheskiie Sredstva Sozdaniia Obraza Vraga: (na Primere Tekstov Sovetskoi Massovoi Pechati 1919–1953 Godov, Osveshchaiushchikh Lokalnyie i Regionalnyie Konflikty)". PhD diss., Uralskii Federalnyi Universitet. 4. Lotman, Yu., and Uspenskii, B. 1992. "Mif – Imia – Kultura". In Izbrannyie Stati v Triokh Tomakh. Tom. I: Stati po Semiotike i Topologii Kultury, edited by Yu. M. Lotman, 1: 58–75. Tallinn: Aleksandra. 5. Gudkov, Lev., compl., and Konradova, N. ed. 2005. Obraz Vraga. Мoskva: OGI. 6. Barthes, Roland. 1984. Mythologies. Translated by Annette Lavers. New York: Hill and Wang. 7. Buchbender, Оrtwin. 1989. "Zentrumdes Bösen. Zur Genesis nationalsozialistischer Feindbilder". In Feindbild. Geschichte – Dokumentation – Problematik, Hg. G. Wagenlehner, 17–38. Frankfurt a/M. 8. Vuorinen, Marja, ed. 2012. Enemy Images in War Propaganda. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 170 p. 9. Khagurov, Temyr. 2017. "Evil as a Subject of Sociological Cognition: Methodological Reflections". In Future Human Image, 7: 36–45. 10. Neal, Arthur G., and Youngelson-Neal, Helen. 2015. Myth-Making and Religious Extremism and Their Roots in Crises. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. 11. Nobrega, J. V. da. 2014. "Discourse Analysis: Ronald Reagan's Evil Empire Speech". Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 4: 166–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.41014 12. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump at a Meeting with Republican Senators". Released on June 27, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/27/remarkspresident-trump-meeting-republican-senators. 13. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump and Secretary of Energy Rick Perry at Tribal, State, and Local Energy Roundtable". Released on June 28, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/thepress-office/2017/06/28/remarks-president-trump-and-secretary-energy-rick-perry-tribal-state-and. 14. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "President Donald J. Trump's Weekly Address". Released June 30 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/featured-videos/video/2017/06/30/63017-weekly-address. 15. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "President Donald J. Trump's Weekly Address". Released on July 07, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/07/07/president-donald-j-trumps-weeklyaddress. 16. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump During Meeting with Immigration Crime Victims". Released on June 28, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2017/06/28/remarks-president-trump-during-meeting-immigration-crime-victims. 17. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump at the Unleashing American Energy Event". Released on June 29, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/06/29/remarkspresident-trump-unleashing-american-energy-event. 18. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump at the Three Seas Initiative Summit". Released on July 6, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/07/06/remarks-president-trumpthree-seas-initiative-summit-july-6-2017. 19. 2017. The White House President Donald J. Trump. "Remarks by President Trump to the People of Poland". Released on July 6, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/07/06/remarks-president-trump-peoplepoland-july-6-2017. 20. Wodak, R., and Meyer, M., 2001. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Sage Publications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9780857028020 ; Розглянуто репертуар мовної репрезентації образу ворога в публічних виступах Президента США Д. Трампа. Цей образ – міфологічний і допомагає політикам ставити чіткі оцінні акценти. Текстуально підтверджено: кожний публічний виступ орієнтовано на певну аудиторію і певний соціально-культурний контекст, що детермінують вибір образу конкретного ворога або ворогів, які будуть фігурувати у тексті. Продемонстровано позитивну роль, яку, зазвичай, приймає на себе політичний спікер у процесі спілкування зі своєю аудиторією. Виявлено ключові інваріантні й варіативні характеристики образу ворога. Зазначено, що у виступах Президента образ ворога завжди протиставляється образам друга і жертви ворога. З семантичного погляду, образ ворога містить кілька характеристик, зокрема: ворог може бути внутрішнім або зовнішнім, персоналізованим або узагальненим, історичним або існуючим зараз, імпліцитним або експліцитним, політичним, економічним або змішаним. Крім того, виявлено й розглянуто типові дії, які виконує ворог.