Suchergebnisse

Тарас Шевченко — принципово новий тип письменника в українській літературі й новий тип особистості, громадянина в історії України. Патріотизм Шевченків — дієвий, а загальнолюдське поняття «свобода» Шевченко тлумачив згідно зі своїми людськими ідеалами гордості, мужності, непохитності, вихованими на головних засадах християнської етики й моралі. Тарас Шевченко першим сформулював у художній формі всі принципи й постулати представників українського націоналізму: волелюбність, всеосяжну народність, національну честь і гідність, палкий патріотизм, державницькі прагнення, глибинну християнську релігійність, віру у свій народ, у його світле прийдешнє, сподівання на власні сили, надзвичайну толерантність до інших народів та їх вірувань, солідарність з усіма поневоленими, антиімперську й антишовіністичну позицію, що беруть початки з демократичного, неімперського й нешовіністичного характеру української нації та її історичного досвіду. ; В истории Украины есть немало фигур, достойных всенародного уважения и любви. Т. Шевченко представлял собой не только принципиально новый тип писателя в украинской литературе, но и новый тип личности, гражданина в истории Украины. Патриотизм его — действенный, а общечеловеческое понятие «свобода» он толковал согласно своим человеческим идеалам гордости, мужества, стойкости, воспитанным на главных принципах христианской этики и морали. Поэт первым сформулировал в художественной форме все принципы и постулаты представителей украинского национализма: свободолюбие, всеобъемлющая народность, национальная честь и достоинство, пылкий патриотизм, государственные стремления, глубинная христианская религиозность, вера в свой народ, в его светлое будущее, надежды на собственные силы, чрезвычайная толерантность к другим народам и их верованиям, солидарность со всеми порабощенными, антиимперская и антишовинистическая позиция, что берут начало из демократического, неимперского и нешовинистического характера украинской нации и ее исторического опыта. ; There are many figures in the history of Ukraine, worthy of the holiness and love of the people, but Taras Shevchenko managed to excite and expose the fallen spirit of the Ukrainian nation to the realization of his own dignity at one time. Without the slightest exaggeration, he is — the greatness and glory of Ukraine, the holy martyr for her truth and will, for the revival of her statehood as a «free, new family». Consequently, at the present tragic and critical stage of the development of Ukrainian statehood, in conditions of bloody Russian aggression and dirty Kremlin propaganda, which by intrigue and treachery broke into our lives, the legacy of the Great Kobzar needs special attention, rethinking and perception without all those political, ideological and con «multinational layers, created for several decades by the Soviet literary critics, which, unfortunately, still possess the minds of our many compatriots. This, first of all, concerns the national-patriotic views of Taras Shevchenko, which were the most distorted, falsified. This applies to a concept such as Shevchenko's humanism. Taras Shevchenko was not only a fundamentally new type of writer in Ukrainian literature, but also a new type of personality, a citizen in the history of Ukraine. Shevchenko's patriotism is effective, since he paid for the most expensive — freedom, health, life. The universal concept of «freedom,» Shevchenko interpreted in accordance with his human ideals pride, courage, restraint and disobedience in the face of any despot, brought up on the basic principles of Christian ethics and morals. Therefore, for him, internal freedom — that is, freedom of thought, speech, feeling, conscience — is superior to external freedom, that is, life at will, especially if this life is associated with submissiveness, adaptability, dependence on this powerful world, on wealth, from everything that makes a person his slave. Being the spokesman for people's views on life and work, on the relationship between people, Kobzar constantly addresses both the topic of free work. These paintings of this willful will are a sharp contrast to the cruel reality in which the peasant is a disenfranchised slave («Dream» — «On the bark of wheat sting»). And the very intonations of the Faith, Hope, Love, the wisdom of the native land, the major tone are dominant in many poetry of the artist. However, we will find in the works of Taras Shevchenko and other notes: notes of silent sorrow, soft melancholy, lyricism. Indicative in this regard is the poem «Garden Cherry Kohl Hut». This poetry, like all the immense works of Taras Shevchenko, is immortal as it reveals the problems of the great philosophical theme — «the meaning of human existence on Earth», «human happiness», whose guarantor can be only freedom and justice as the norm of social existence. Thus, the national self-respect, the national idea, the purpose of liberation from autocratic Russian tyranny and the creation of a national Ukrainian state were crystallized. What are they? The national state-building idea in the development of Taras Shevchenko is represented, firstly, by the awareness of the intellectual elite of the future nation, based on its history; second, the definition of typical, persistent features of the spiritual culture (morality, religion, language, folk ethics, etc.), inherent in the people in the form of national traditions and customs; thirdly, comparing its national community with others, which has become important means of selfdetermination. Taras Shevchenko first formally formulated in the artistic form all the principles and postulates of Ukrainian nationalism: his freedom of freedom, a comprehensive nationality, national honor and dignity, passionate patriotism, state aspirations, profound Christian religiosity, faith in his people, his future light, hope for his own strength, extraordinary tolerance to other peoples and their beliefs, solidarity with all enslaved, anti-imperial and anti-chauvinist attitudes based on a democratic, non-imperial and non-chauvinistic character ukrain nation and its historical experience. Particularly, it should be emphasized that Shevchenko's nationalism, as nationalism of the Ukrainian people, is based on Love, and therefore he is essentially human and cordial to his own and others — to all who recognize the right of Ukrainians to free state existence. So, turning to the Poles (poem «Poles»), the poet calls them «friends», «brothers» and calls along with the Ukrainians in the name of Christ to renew our quiet paradise — Ukraine. In the views of Taras Shevchenko, the national idea is filled with universal meaning. His soul sounds like a pain for a man with a degenerate life. Every image of the poor and unlucky (from the burned orphans or the shroud to the spinned mother of Ukraine) always testifies to the blame imposed on the representatives of the authorities who incarnate evil in the social system in the imperial idea. Sin, punishment, wine, and redemption, suffering and purification are all through the moral categories of Shevchenko's poetics, which are also closely related to the moral categories of Christianity. We, grateful to the descendants, have discovered new and new faces for a long time, since, having appeared on light, he embraced all spiritual nature with the spirit of others and existed.

The Bible is one of the most expensive, most amazing monuments in the treasury of universal values. This Book of Books, which has absorbed the wisdom of hundreds of generations, gives us the answer that such is good, and that evil brings man to an unattainable pedestal of wisdom, self-sacrifice, faithfulness in love and love for parents, their children, the Fatherland. It gives us today a vivid example of the fact that human beings can be vices, the nights and the dark sides of human nature. It is enough to remember the legends from the Old Testament about Cain and Abel, Joseph and his brothers, about Samson and Dalil, about Hama, the prodigal son, about the Garden and Gomorrah.It is difficult to name another book that has had the same strong influence on the formation of all subsequent world art of literature, such as the Bible, in particular the Fourth Gospel. The main reason for this lies in the fact that the Evangelists (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John the Theologian) preached the universal ideals of goodness and justice, the infinite value of the human person, the equality of all peoples before God, the primacy of the spiritual principle over material. In addition, the Evangelists were talented writers.For the Ukrainian literature, the Bible is of the utmost importance: the history of the Old Manuscript manuscript begins with the Ostromir Gospel, and from the Apostle (1574) and the Ostroh Bible (1581) — the Ukrainian book printing. At different stages of development, Ukrainian literature interpreted the Bible as an essential element of national culture and self-consciousness. Hryhoriy Savych Skovoroda, P. Gulak-Artemovsky, Markian Shashkevich, Ivan Franko, Lesya Ukrainka, Bogdan Lepky addressed the hymns of the Holy Scripture.Taras Shevchenko expanded the thematic range of plots and motives by introducing in his poetry the images of the prophets and a series of evangelical conflicts. However, eternal themes in the work of Kobzar acquire a national patriotic sound. According to Professor Mikhail Drahomanov, none of the literary sources can compare with the Bible for influencing the system of thoughts of Shevchenko. The Bible was a favorite childhood book of the poet, some of its parts, in particular the Psalter, he knew by heart. It was the Bible that became the life-giving source of its holy sacrificial love for its native people, the comprehensive brotherly love, the boundless sorrow for the suffering of Ukraine and the unwavering faith in its liberation from the shackles of tyranny.Biblical motifs in the work of Bohdan Lepky are closely intertwined with the national-patriotic themes that most strongly sounded during the period of World War II. The voice of the citizen poet calling on the Ukrainian people to fight for liberation from the oppression of the imperialist, for the revival of Ukrainian statehood, the unity of Ukraine, sounded in full force during this period.The theme of Christmas and Easter inspired the poet to create the eponymous cycles: «At Christmas Night» (1915), «Under Christmas» (1923), «From Christmas Moods» (1930), «On the Day of Resurrection» (1940), «Easter Bells» (1941). In a series of poems written during the First World War, the painful sums of peaceful years sound when religious holidays spiritually united people, filled their hearts with sincere comfort. The poetry of religious themes on the eve of the Second World War has a certain significance, acquire a patriotic sound, a civic passion — a premonition of the new, even more terrible tragedy that mankind undergoes, it is a powerful call to unite all people of goodwill for peace and happiness on Earth.But Bogdan Lepky was not only a brave and indestructible citizen in poetry. He could also be a gentle, elegant lyricist, elegant writer of the autumn. By the depth of philosophical generalizations, the poetry of B. Lepky can be compared with the «Book of Ecclesiastes» from the «Old Testament.»Speaking about Biblical motives in the work of Bogdan Lepky, one can not but recall his historical novel Mazepa. From the pages of this work, the tragic history of Ukraine of the end of the seventeenth and early thirteenth centuries, the spiritual and political split, fratricidal war, terrible embodiment of the Biblical legend about Cain and Abel, tells us. However, in spite of all the tragedy of the depicted events, the novel also expresses the faith of the writer in the light of the coming of his Fatherland, his deep religious outlook is felt, since the pictures of the suffering of Ukraine, Baturin involuntarily associate with the biblical legend of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, his patience and the wonderful resurrection From the dead. Particular attention in the novel Mazepa needs the image of the Nativity of Christ, because the mystery of Christmas night is presented in it not only unsurpassed beauty landscapes, folk beliefs, magical actions, charms. The writer very original reproduces this poetic image. The Magnonian Christmas Nativity Scene with its allegorical actors is in the forerunner of the fact that the entire Hetman's House, Ukraine, will soon become a bloody vertep. In the form of Christmas, the fate of Ukraine, Lepky, also depicts a grandiose canvas — the battle of Poltava: «In the smoke and cemetery, in the bladder and in the blood, in the cries and weeping in the Poltava fields, the lying part of the villains lay. What does she bring? Freedom and happiness or sorrow and captivity? « Beside this, it should be emphasized that in the novel Mazepa, biblical symbols are very closely and surprisingly organically interwoven with Ukrainian national symbols.In his work, the author uses a huge number of Christian prayers in the Old Slavonic, Old Russian, Ukrainian, which sound in the language of Hetman Mazepa, Orlyk, Chuikevich, Mrochka, Chechel, Kenigsen and other heroes. However, in addition to the original religious texts — prayers for Ukraine, the writer applies in his work both his own, author's, in the spirit of Ukrainian folk songs and dumas. Steppe-mother is an image of the mother of Ukraine that, like a living creature, breathes, rejoices, sad, complains, prays and suffers along with their unrelenting children, who go beyond bounds by their leader, like the ancient Jews by the prophet Moses.One of the most important commandments of the Lord — «Do not kill» — became the name of the third year of the novel «Mazepa». This same thought will pass through all the work of the canvas and is fundamental to it, since the whole work is an angry protest against the fear of war, against the spiritual and physical extermination of one people to others.In the context of world art Biblical images of works of Ukrainian writers reveal a complex and contradictory, they glorify the beautiful and majestic life of man in all its manifestations, not only the simplest but also deep intimate, capable. So we face the phenomena of social life, the condemnation of brute force, deception, treason. At the same time, general human ideals and high national-patriotic principles are glorified. ; Статья посвящена роли Библии в творчестве украинских писателей. Проанализировано философское наполнение поэтических произведений Тараса Шевченко, а также поэзии и романа Богдана Лепкого «Мазепа» в контексте европейской культуры. Акцентированы национально-патриотические и общечеловеческие начала творчества украинских писателей-классиков. ; Стаття присвячена ролі Біблії у творчості українських письменників. Проаналізовано філософське наповнення поетичних творів Тараса Шевченка, а та- кож поезій і роману Богдана Лепкого «Мазепа» в контексті європейської куль- тури. Акцентовано національно-патріотичні й загальнолюдські начала творчості українських письменників-класиків.

Анотація. У статті розглядаються важливі питання терміновживання в офіційно-діловому та науковому стилях мовлення. На сучасному етапі мовна освіченість державного службовця набуває великого значення в контексті нових завдань, що стоять перед українським суспільством у новому тисячолітті. Володіння термінологією державної мови за обраним фахом, науковим та офіційно-діловим стилями української мови, новими комп'ютерно-лінгвістичними технологіями, що є основою мовної підготовки держслужбовця – головна умова становлення інтелектуального потенціалу України. ; Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются важные вопросы терминоупотребления в официально-деловом и научном стилях речи. На современном этапе языковая образованность государственного служащего имеет огромное значение в контексте новых задач, которые возникают перед украинским обществом в новом тысячелетии. Владение терминологией государственного языка избранной специальности, официально-деловым и научным стилями украинского языка, новыми компьтерно-лингвистическими технологиями, которые являются основой языковой подготовки госслужащего – главное условие интеллектуального потенциала Украины. ; Abstract. The article deals with important issues terminological vocabulary in official business and scientific style of speech. At present public official language education is of great importance in the context of new challenges facing Ukrainian society in the new millennium. The spiritual world of man is inextricably linked with the development of language skills. Intelligent speech establishes ethical conduct, continuous self-improvement and self-expression. The concept of actual speech function (set on contact, mutual understanding, mutual respect) aims at strengthening manners civility, spiritual healing people. Sometimes frivolous attitude to language learning and linguistic development of their people, to the development process as thinking penetration into the essence of things is largely due to superficial understanding of the nature of language and the construction of one of its functions - communication. It is really important function of language in the era of information and computerization of many spheres of public life. But linguists, psychologists, teachers, cultural studies, philosophers XIX - XX centuries. treat the mother tongue deeper - as treasury entire historical heritage of the people, their way of thinking and feeling. Herder said that "set in motion by small fluctuations in air depends everything that ever men on earth thought it would, and yet did commit." Hayderrer argued that language - is the only way for the individual and for the people to be themselves; it creates a human being; people do not speak the language, and language "speaks" to people and people. Reform of higher education, its focus on liberalization and humanization of education makes it possible to realize the social order on the formation of linguistic consciousness of students - future professionals from various industries. In principle, this problem is one of the factors in the formation of the individual citizen Ukraine. Practical Ukrainian language presupposes skills in different types of language: listening, reading, translation, writing that will enable: a) making posts and chat with Ukrainian language teaching, social, political, scientific, cultural and domestic issues within the program themes; b) read the original literature by specialty and translate it; c) to write essays, research reports, abstracts, articles, abstracts, reviews, feedback, make interpretation and translation, etc; d) learn rules of ethics of business communication (objectively citizen with higher education in the future becomes the leader, the head of various production teams, public authorities), the rules of writing official papers. Mastering the Ukrainian language and terminology not only increases the linguistic education of students and helps humanize certain areas of public life, but also increases the level of future Ukrainian intellectuals. The main areas of language training civil servants at all levels are: a) teaching of terminology and linguistic knowledge, develop scientific style of speech principles; b) mastering the basics of applied and professional linguistics, linguistic creation of databases, electronic dictionaries and computer-aided translation; c) the capture of ethics and business communication skills, laying of official papers. We must also emphasize an integrated approach to language training future civil servants. The complexity of teaching language skills involves several concurrent sections: 1) Ethics (culture) speech, language intelligence, business communication etiquette; 2) Style: scientific and official business; 3) Genre: essay, report, scientific and technical translation, annotation, application, protocol, memos, letters, etc; 4) types of work: lectures, workshops, seminars, business games and more. Characteristics terminology state language of the chosen specialty, scientific and official-business style of language, new computer-linguistic technologies that are the basis of language training civil servants - the main condition for the formation of the intellectual potential of Ukraine. The main tasks of the state is to strengthen the status of Ukrainian as the state language and the full development and expansion of the use of the Ukrainian language in all spheres of public life. It requires us, high school teachers, scientists, together with employees standardization, to develop such regulations that would not only answered the legislation of Ukraine, the current level of science and technology, but would be both understandable and to those who wrote and those who uses them. This can be achieved only if there is no contradictions, inconsistencies and ambiguities in the content of regulations for the use of common terminology in textbooks and reference books, uniform rules of construction, teaching and oformlyannya regulations.