Suchergebnisse

An important element in positioning the state as a democratic legal and social is to guarantee the institutions of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms. Therefore, under modern conditions of development of society and law, the problem of improving the mechanism of implementation of human rights protection occupies a prominent place. In most countries of the world, where there are specialized tribunals of constitutional justice (such as the Constitutional Court), the individual form of appeal has long been traditional. In our study we propose to pay attention not only to the theoretical justification of the constitutional complaint as an institution of guaranteeing the rights of the individual in Ukraine, but also to the problems of exercising the right to a constitutional complaint at the stage of its submission, namely compliance by applicants. The subject of the right to a constitutional complaint is a person who considers that the law of Ukraine (its separate provisions) applied in the final court decision in his case contradicts the Constitution of Ukraine. The subject of a constitutional complaint may be exclusively the issue of compliance of the Constitution of Ukraine with the law of Ukraine (its separate provisions). The Constitutional Court of Ukraine is not authorized to consider complaints against actions and decisions of bodies of state power and local self-government, their officials, to evaluate these actions and decisions. If the constitutional complaint does not meet the requirements of the Law, the Court returns it to the subject of the constitutional complaint. We draw your attention to the fact that the Secretariat of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine plays an important role in resolving the admissibility of a constitutional complaint and the openness of the case. It is the Secretariat that shows the subject of the complaint about the violations in the form or essence of the submitted constitutional complaint, which is then an auxiliary tool for re-publishing this complaint. At the stage of consideration of the constitutional complaint, the grounds may also be identified, which entail the closure of the proceedings. That is, the successful filing of a constitutional complaint is not yet a basis for a decision. Thus, the important place of the constitutional complaint in the mechanism of protection of human rights in Ukraine is determined by its properties and functions. The human rights role of the constitutional complaint is manifested through the provision of human rights. A person, through the application of the mechanism of a constitutional complaint, has the opportunity to enter into a legal dispute with the state over the constitutionality of its most important decisions - the Laws of Ukraine. A constitutional complaint is a measure of the democracy of the state, the constitutionality of its laws, and the rule of law. In order for a person to effectively exercise his or her right to a constitutional appeal, it is necessary to strictly comply with the requirements for the form and content of the constitutional complaint and the conditions of its admissibility. As a result of our research we come to the conclusion that the most common mistakes of the applicants are: incorrect understanding of the object and subject of the appeal, lack of substantiation of their legal position on the inconsistency of the law with the Constitution of Ukraine, submission of an incomplete package. ; Стаття присвячена висвітленню ролі конституційної скарги у механізмі захисту прав людини в Україні. Досліджено проблемні аспекти, що пов'язанні з поданням індивідуальної конституційної скарги, а саме додержанням суб'єктом звернення до Конституційного Суду України – особою, вимог щодо форми і змісту конституційної скарги та умов її прийнятності.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the constitutional and legal regulation of the principle of the welfare state. The concept of the welfare state as a part of the state system and the influence of social orientation on the development of state policy is considered, the essence of the welfare state and its features are determined. It was with the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine that a new stage in the development of Ukrainian constitutionalism began in the direction of studying the nature of the modern welfare state. A comprehensive study of the interaction of society, man and the state in the context of protection of human dignity, honor and its social protection is the key to developing effective mechanisms for implementing the constitutional principle of the welfare state. In this sense, the main problem was to determine the essence of the welfare state, to establish the nature of the state's activities to ensure social rights. In our opinion, the most successful and concise is the understanding of social rights as those that provide a decent standard of living and social security. In addition, their implementation has led to the emergence of new terms: "welfare state", "social protection", "social obligations of the state", "social guarantees". All of the above required thorough research, in particular the welfare state as a scientific category, as well as the content, forms and mechanisms for ensuring social rights, especially the right to social protection. Today, Ukraine is still in the period of formation and gradual development of the principles of the welfare state enshrined in the Constitution. The welfare state can effectively develop and implement the principles enshrined in the Constitution only if the active participation in all social processes ofthree equal actors: the state, society and the individual. The state is called to regulate public relations so as to achieve the most effective level of implementation of social security and social protection of its citizens. It is through the constitutional normalization of social rights and freedoms and through the realization of these rights that a certain standard of living of citizens, satisfaction of their material and spiritual needs is ensured. It should be noted that the rights, freedoms and responsibilities of a person and a citizen enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine, their breadth, reality, guarantee reproduce not only the actual and legal status of a person in society, but also the essence of democracy in the country. At the legislative level, it is necessary to regulate social rights in detail, to bring their content to the maximum specification, which would ensure their fullest implementation. The list of social rights enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine can be transformed into real social programs. But only if the fundamental principles of the rule of law and the principles of humanism are realized, they will be realized. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу конституційно-правової регламентації принципу соціальної держави. Розглядається поняття соціальної держави як частини державного ладу та вплив соціального спрямування на розвиток державної політики, здійснюється визначення сутності соціальної держави та її ознак.

The Constitution of Ukraine stipulates that Ukraine is a democratic, social, law-based state. The main goal of a social state is to promote social progress based on the principles of social equality, common solidarity and mutual responsibility. International legal regulation of relations in the field of social protection has a significant impact on the national legislation development. Moreover, Ukraine is still at the stage of formation of its own criterion of the social state. In most cases, legislation in this area is still declarative. Therefore, the key question is considered to be the necessity to review, analyze and constitutionally and legally characterize international standards in the field of social protection for the purposes of further incorporating the conceptual provisions of international legal acts in the legislation of Ukraine. The peculiarity of international legal regulation of relations in the field of social protection is the specific legal way by which such regulation is realized. It is about social standards and social standardization as a special kind of function of the state. The realization of human rights requires the establishment of certain minimum standards at the state level as fundamental indicators for determining its level of ensuring. The basic universal forms of social ensuring law include the following international acts: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), Declaration on Social Progress and Development (1969), Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959), The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and the larger list of conventions and recommendations by the International Labor Organization. Adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to international standards is a planned process. Taking into consideration that Article 46 of the Constitution stipulates the right of citizens for social protection, including the right for their protection in case of complete, partial or temporary disability, loss of a breadwinner, unemployment under the circumstances irrespective of them, right to old age and in other cases provided by law, that is an integral human right and occupies a key position in everyday life, for ensuring purposes, the state must create all the necessary conditions by improving the effectiveness of governance in all spheres of public life. ; Конституція України закріплює, що Україна є демократичною, соціальною, правовою державою. Головною метою соціальної держави є сприяння суспільному прогресу, що базується на принципах соціальної рівності, загальної солідарності та взаємної відповідальності. Міжнародно-правове регулювання відносин у сфері соціального захисту має значний вплив на розвиток національного законодавства. Тим більше, що України ще перебуває на етапі становлення свого власного критерію соціальної держави. У більшості випадків, норми законодавства у цій сфері досі залишаються декларативними. Тому актуальним залишається питання необхідності огляду, аналізу та конституційно-правової характеристики міжнародних стандартів у сфері соціального захисту, з метою подальшого втілення концептуальних положень міжнародно-правових актів в законодавстві України. Особливість міжнародно-правового регулювання відносин у сфері соціального захисту полягає в особливому юридичному способі, за допомогою якого здійснюється таке регулювання. Мова йде про соціальні стандарти і соціальну стандартизацію як спеціальний вид функції держави. Реалізація прав людини вимагає встановлення на державному рівні певних мінімальних стандартів, як основоположних показників для визначення рівня їх забезпеченості. До основних універсальних форм права соціального забезпечення належать такі міжнародні акти: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), Declaration on Social Progress and Development (1969), Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959), The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) та ще великий перелік конвенцій та рекомендацій Міжнародної організації праці (International Labour Organization). Адаптація законодавства України до міжнародних стандартів є спланованим процесом. Враховуючи те, що статтею 46 Конституції, закріплено право громадян на соціальний захист, що включає право на забезпечення їх у разі повної, часткової або тимчасової втрати працездатності, втрати годувальника, безробіття з незалежних від них обставин, право на старість та в інших випадках, передбачених законом, яке є невід'ємним правом людини і займає одну із ключових позицій у повсякденному житті, для його забезпечення держава повинна створити всі необхідні умови шляхом підвищення ефективності управління усіма сферами суспільного життя.

The introduced quarantine measures in Ukraine because of coronavirus infection spreading are analyzed in the article. The procedure of quarantine introducing and restrictions of rights and freedoms are examined in its accordance with Constitution and laws of Ukraine. In 2020 the world faced with the problem of overcoming the pandemic of coronavirus COVID-19. Ukraine did not leave aside. The introduced measures of Ukrainian Government concerning prevention and counteraction of virus spreading caused a great number of disputes in community. The most questions arose concerning the introduced restrictions of rights and freedoms of physical and juridical persons and established new obligations. The reason for taking up quarantine measures in Ukraine was the decision of World Health Organization taken on March, 11th, 2020 about coronavirus pandemic. The state of emergency was not introduced in Ukraine. The Ukrainian authorities took the decision only to proclaim the regime of emergency and introduce the quarantine. According to the regulations of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine dd. 11.03.2020 № 211, dd. 20.05.2020 № 392, dd 22.07.2020 № 641 the restrictions of constitutional human rights and freedoms, the restrictions of juridical persons rights were introduced and the new obligations were established. The new sanctions concerning bringing a person to an administrative and criminal account because of quarantine rules violation were imposed on the law level. It is emphasized in the article on the legal difference between the state of emergency and the regime of emergency, which was introduced by the Ukrainian Government. These two legal regimes have different constitutional status: opposite to the state of emergency the regime of emergency is not determined in the Constitution of Ukraine as one that can be accompanied by the restrictions of human rights andfreedoms! The attention was also focused on the fact that the reason for introducing of the regime of emergency was epidemic but not pandemic as was defined by WHO. At the first view, the Government acted in accordance with its competence, but in fact exceeded its authority. According to the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine dd. 28.08.2020 № 10-р/2020 the restrictions of constitutional human and citizen rights and freedoms can be introduced only by means of law – the document approved by Verhovna Rada of Ukraine only in cases determined by the Constitution of Ukraine. The article has the arguments of nonobservance of the procedure of quarantine introducing by the Government. ; У статті проаналізовано запроваджені в Україні карантинні заходи у зв'язку з поширенням коронавірусної інфекції. Розглянуто процедуру введення карантину та запроваджені обмеження прав і свобод людини через призму їх відповідності Конституції та законам України.

Taking into consideration the modern tendency of globalization of human rights supremacy as one of democratic ideals we offer to examine the world tendencies of Institution of Ombudsman development because this organizational and legal institution of mechanism of human rights and freedoms legal protection takes the key place in European and World human rights activity and has dynamism in development in Ukraine. The main function of the Ombudsman is to control the activity of the state administration, the conflicts among citizens are not under its competence. The Institution of Ombudsman has such democratic features, like: independence in the system of state authorities; absence of formalized procedures for consideration of complaints; free help providing etc. The parliamentary control over the observation of human rights and freedoms in Ukraine is realized by the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights. The Institution of the Commissioner belongs both to the state and civilian society because it solves the conflicts of state and individual interests, but the Ombudsman takes the people side, offer help for citizens, making different state authorities to fulfill their obligations in a proper way. During the last years in Ukraine the process of expanding of the Institution of Ombudsman is realized through introduction of new institutions, such as local (regional) and specialized protectors of human rights and freedoms. To our mind, this is a positive tendency, which gives the opportunity to cover the most wide range of problems in the sphere of legal protection. The need for such expanding is in impossibility of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Human Rights to cover all spheres of social life. Its competence has influence mostly on the central state authorities. The Institution of Specialized Ombudsmen in Ukraine is at the stage ofactive development and expansion. In fact, in Ukraine there are three parallels of special legal protectors: first, these are the representatives of the Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner; second, the Ombudsmen, appointed by the President of Ukraine; and, third, the Government Ombudsmen. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню інституту омбудсмена на основі аналізу процесу його становлення в зарубіжних країнах та в Україні. Проаналізовано тенденції розвитку та удосконалення цього інституту. Розглянуто систему спеціалізованих омбудсменів в Україні.

The article examines the main threats to human rights and freedoms in the world and Ukraine on the basis of reports of influential international organizations. The problems of rights and freedoms following and realization in the world (especially in countries with undemocratic regime); the threats appeared before countries that adhere to democratic ideals of development are analyzed; the challenges facing Ukraine nowadays on its way to overcome the negative aspects in respect of human rights and freedoms following, protection and realization are also identified. According to the research of the independent human rights organization Freedom House concerning the level of respect for human rights and freedoms in the world, it becomes obvious that the level of democracy in the world has been declining over the last thirteen years, but authoritarianism is not leaving its positions. Freedom House conditionally divides all countries depending on their adherence to international standards for the human and citizens rights protection, ability of a person to realize his or her constitutional rights and freedoms and the number and gravity of violations in this area. In respect of this, there are three categories of countries: "free", "partially free" and "not free" ones. Russia, Belarus, in total fifty countries and eight territories, one of which is Crimea peninsula which is under the Russian occupation were referred to as "not free". It was emphasized that the leaders, in order to retain power in their hands, made ethnic cleansing, prohibited opposition groups, imprisoned disagreeable people, interfered in the work of independent media, etc. Ukraine was classified as "partially free". Eight years ago our country lost its free status. However, the struggle against the large-scale challenges of nowadays (Russian military aggression, corruption, poverty, etc.) diverts sometimes the attention of state authorities from the level of respect for human rights and freedoms in Ukraine. In fact, nowadays, there is no country in the world that fully respects and protects the rights and freedoms of people. Violations may occur more often in one country than in another, or they may have a negative impact in the global sense. ; У статті розглянуто на основі звітів впливових міжнародних організацій основні загрози правам і свободам людини у світі та Україні. Проаналізовано проблеми дотримання та реалізації прав і свобод у світі (особливо в країнах з недемократичним режимом); загрози, що постають перед державами, що сповідують демократичні ідеали розвитку; а також визначено, які задачі постали на сьогодні перед Україною на шляху подолання негативних аспектів у сфері дотримання, забезпечення та реалізації прав і свобод людини.