This paper examines the influence of tribe institutions on social and political processes in Turkmenistan. The particularities of implementation of personnel policy in the Republic during the Soviet and post-Soviet periods have been analyzed. The nature of inter-tribe relations in the context of rivalry of the Turkmen elite for political influence in the country has been revealed. The personal composition of regional tribe representatives in the highest authorities of Turkmenistan has been shown. The role and place of the Presidential Adviser Institute in the political system of the country have been determined.It is claimed that tribal institutions are an important regulator of relations in all spheres of Turkmen society. They are an integral component of national traditionalism, both regionally and nationally. In this regard, the study of the peculiarities of inter-clan relations in this Central Asian Republic is of particular relevance for understanding those socio-political processes taking place in the country in the post-Soviet period.The process, which began in Turkmenistan in the mid-1980s, continued after the collapse of the USSR. At the same time, the presence of clan opposition, which remained strong enough (especially in the first years of independence), forced S. Niyazov to resort to flexible personnel policy and to take into account the interests of non-Tecan tribal groups. For a long time, all the most influential clans of Turkmenistan were represented in the highest authorities, and any vacancies or appointments held at the level of the Cabinet of Ministers were a reflection of the inter-clan rivalry in the country.Key words: Turkmenistan, social and political processes, personnel policy, inter-tribe relations, Presidential Adviser Institute. ; В статті досліджується вплив кланових інститутів на суспільно-політичні процеси в Туркменістані. Проаналізовано особливості здійснення кадрової політики в республіці в радянський та пострадянський період. Розкрито характер міжкланових відносин в контексті суперництва туркменської еліти за політичний вплив у країні. Показано персональний склад представників регіональних кланів у вищих органах влади Туркменістану. Визначено роль та місце інституту президентських радників у політичній системі країни.Ключові слова: Туркменістан, суспільно-політичні процеси, кадрова політика, міжкланові відносини, інститут президентських радників.
The role and place of clan institutions in the system of government and administration of Turkmenistan is investigated. The features of inter-clan relations in Turkmenistan in the post-Soviet period are analyzed. It was established that during the presidency of G.Berdymukhamedov, the personnel policy in the country acquired a pronounced regional coloring. This led to a significant strengthening of the position of the ethnic tribal group of Akhal Tekinians in the state structures of Turkmenistan (both at the republican and local levels). It is shown that one of the important elements of the clan system of modern Turkmenistan is the so-called. presidential "family", whose influence is constantly growing. The role of the institution of presidential advisers in the political system of the country is determined.It is alleged that the presence of three dozen tribes, grouped into several tribal groups, each with its own habitat, as well as some conservatism inherent in the Turkmen population, led to a low level of ethnopolitical and social consolidation in Turkmen society. It is revealed that one of the important elements of the political system of Turkmenistan is the Institute of Presidential Advisers. Among them, representatives of foreign business structures who are interested in developing business relations with Turkmenistan and at the same time advocating interests of the Turkmen leadership abroad play an important role. It was found that under the conditions of formally equal representation of all regions (one nomination from each of the 6 regions), the Tekin velayats actually received a threefold advantage. Significantly increasing the chances of victory for the Tekhnik candidates (including the pro-imperious G. Berdimuhamedov) also has a significant quantitative predominance of the Tekhniks, whose number is about half the population of Turkmenistan. It is revealed that a separate group of presidential advisers is made up of officials of Russian origin who have worked for a long time in the structure of the apparatus (administration) of the president.Key words: Turkmenistan, political system, clan institutions, personnel policy, Akhal Tekins, institute of presidential advisers. ; Досліджуються роль та місце кланових інститутів у системі органів влади та управління Туркменістану. Проаналізовано особливості міжкланових відносин у Туркменістані в пострадянський період. Встановлено, що в період президентства Г. Бердимухамедова кадрова політика в країні набула яскраво вираженого регіонального забарвлення. Це призвело до суттєвого посилення позицій етноплемінної групи ахальських текінців в державних структурах Туркменістану (як на республіканському, так і на місцевому рівнях). Показано, що одним із важливих елементів кланової системи сучасного Туркменістану є т. зв. президентська «родина», вплив якої постійно зростає. Визначено роль інституту президентських радників у політичній системі країни.Ключові слова: Туркменістан, політична система, кланові інститути, кадрова політика, ахальські текінці, інститут президентських радників. Исследуются роль и место клановых институтов в системе органов власти и управления Туркменистана. Проанализированы особенности межклановых отношений в Туркменистане в постсоветский период. Установлено, что в период президентства Г. Бердымухамедова кадровая политика в стране приобрела ярко выраженную региональную окраску. Это привело к существенному усилению позиций этноплеменной группы ахальских текинцев в государственных структурах Туркменистана (как на республиканском, так и на местном уровнях). Показано, что одним из важных элементов клановой системы современного Туркменистана является т. н. президентская «семья», влияние которой постоянно возрастает. Определена роль института президентских советников в политической системе страны.Ключевые слова: Туркменистан, политическая система, клановые институты, кадровая политика, ахальские текинцы, институт президентских советников. The role and place of clan institutions in the system of government and administration of Turkmenistan is investigated. The features of inter-clan relations in Turkmenistan in the post-Soviet period are analyzed. It was established that during the presidency of G.Berdymukhamedov, the personnel policy in the country acquired a pronounced regional coloring. This led to a significant strengthening of the position of the ethnic tribal group of Akhal Tekinians in the state structures of Turkmenistan (both at the republican and local levels). It is shown that one of the important elements of the clan system of modern Turkmenistan is the so-called. presidential "family", whose influence is constantly growing. The role of the institution of presidential advisers in the political system of the country is determined.It is alleged that the presence of three dozen tribes, grouped into several tribal groups, each with its own habitat, as well as some conservatism inherent in the Turkmen population, led to a low level of ethnopolitical and social consolidation in Turkmen society. It is revealed that one of the important elements of the political system of Turkmenistan is the Institute of Presidential Advisers. Among them, representatives of foreign business structures who are interested in developing business relations with Turkmenistan and at the same time advocating interests of the Turkmen leadership abroad play an important role. It was found that under the conditions of formally equal representation of all regions (one nomination from each of the 6 regions), the Tekin velayats actually received a threefold advantage. Significantly increasing the chances of victory for the Tekhnik candidates (including the pro-imperious G. Berdimuhamedov) also has a significant quantitative predominance of the Tekhniks, whose number is about half the population of Turkmenistan. It is revealed that a separate group of presidential advisers is made up of officials of Russian origin who have worked for a long time in the structure of the apparatus (administration) of the president.Key words: Turkmenistan, political system, clan institutions, personnel policy, Akhal Tekins, institute of presidential advisers.
The author researched the development of relations between the United States and the Republic of Korea in the last third of the twentieth – at the first quarter of the twenty-first centuries. The article clarifies the stages of evolution of bilateral interaction in the 1970s – 2000s. The main trends in the development of military-political cooperation between the United States and South Korea are highlighted. Peculiarities of cooperation between the two states in the trade and economic sphere are considered. Emphasis is placed on contradictions in the process of development of trade and economic cooperation. The main differences and problems in the relations between the United States and the Republic of Korea are analyzed. The largescale economic and military support that Washington provided to Seoul in the postwar period is described. It has been shown that the economic transformation in South Korea will meet the expectations and recommendations given by American experts and consultants. Emphasis is placed on Washington's desire to maintain its position on the Korean Peninsula. The "Pacific Doctrine", according to which the United States had to maintain its military presence in Asia, was considered. Emphasis is placed on China's role as one of the major international players in maintaining the balance of power in the Asia-Pacific region. The issue of withdrawal of American armed contingents during the Reagan administration was assessed. Seoul's proposal to create a "Political Initiative for the Future Alliance" to review the conditions of the US contingent is described. The US desire to strengthen cooperation with Japan and the Republic of Korea and maintain the US military presence in these countries was appreciated. It is noted that some improvement in US relations with South Korea and a tendency to intensify relations occurred after the victory in the presidential election of J. Biden. It is noted on the change in the configuration of the American military presence outside the United States during the ...
