Suchergebnisse

SUMMARY:
Alla Sal'nikova stresses the "gardening" functions of the new Soviet state and brings the concept of a "garden town" to the fore. Her article follows closely different periods in early Soviet urban planning and the changing meanings of urban space in Kazan. This analysis is accompanied by reconstructing the practices and circumstances of turning multiethnic provincial center ( gubernskaia ) Kazan into a normative socialist town. The article draws a complex picture of rapid, ideologically-motivated transformation of the urban landscape that had evolved historically in the course of many centuries. Kazan's landscape combined many cultural layers; modernity and archaism, sacral sites and new public spaces and ethnic "reservations" as well as transitional and mixed spaces. New socialist urban planning intended to refashion Kazan with the help of new architectural and population policies; it aimed at eliminating private and religiously marked spaces, actively using the symbolic language of visual propaganda. This article traces the change from universalist values in urban planning to the adaption of the principle of hierarchical spaces that reflected a new Soviet hierarchy of people. Sal'nikova pays special attention to the peculiarities of urban planning in provincial and multiethnic cities such as Kazan and distinguishes her case from better known cases of Moscow or St. Petersburg, on the one hand, and Siberian industrial cities constructed from scratch on the other.

SUMMARY:
Alla Salnikova's article analyzes the issue of children's memories of the Soviet epoch and the Perestroika period. The work is based on rich empirical material and allows for an insight into the mechanisms of social and collective memory transmission as well as the ways in which a mnemonic community is sustained. At the same time, the work brings light upon such issues as perceptions of multinationality, social inequality, and national identity by children in schools. The research is based upon questionnaires conducted in one of the elite schools in Kazan, Tatarstan.

В статье рассматривается новая, сформированная в СССР после ликвидации ГУЛАГа концепция пенитенциарной системы как особого «нормализующего», «терапевтического» пространства, призванного не только оградить общество от незаконопослушных и нелояльных к власти граждан, но и по возможности их «осоветить». На основе ранее не введённых в научный оборот делопроизводственных источников, отложившихся в Российском государственном архиве новой истории, а также законодательной документации выявляется и анализируется специфика особых мест лишения свободы для осуждённых за государственные преступления («политических») и их роль в составе новой модели советской тюрьмы. Доказывается, что специальные пенитенциарные учреждения, созданные в течение 60-70-х годов XX в. для изоляции не поддающихся перевоспитанию особо опасных государственных преступников, существенно отличались от рядовых учреждений системы исполнения наказаний, в том числе в плане организации и нормирования повседневной жизни заключённых. Выявлены противоречия между установками власти и реальными практиками тюремной действительности.The paper examines a new penitentiary system conception generated in the USSR after the GULAG liquidation. This system was created as a specific "normalizing" and "therapy" space to not only isolate the society from unlawful and disloyal citizens, but also to "sovetisize" them if possible. Basing on the previously non-used official documents kept in the Russian State Archive of Modern History (RGANI) and law documentation, the specificity of penitentiaries for the convicted of state crimes ( "politicheskikh" ) and their role in a new Soviet prison model are revealed and analyzed. It is proven that special penitentiary institutions opened in the 1960s 1970s to isolate beyond re-educational and extremely dangerous state criminals differed greatly from the ordinary penitentiary system institutions, including the problems of the prisoners' daily life organization and regulation. Contradictions are found between the authority conception and the prison routine realities. It is argued that the penitentiary reform of the 1950s 1960s in the USSR consists of two periods: the first one (1954-1960) was the period of some liberalization; the second one (since October 1960) was the period of increased penalties for crimes against the state. It becomes obvious when analyzing the situation of political prisoners in the examined period.

SUMMARY:
Introduction to the publication of archival documents on the history of Kazan University focuses on the attempt to commemorate the bicentennial of the University by writing a historical narrative of its development. According to the authors, the history of Kazan University underwent profound ruptures and the continuity of historical narrative is impossible to achieve. Collective essays on the university history produced to commemorate the institution's bicentennial became an object of heated debates among members of the University community, especially in the light of the struggles for the right to trace the origins of departments and chairs from the original 28 chairs founded in 1804. Especially, the text on the last decade of the University history proved to be highly controversial. There emerged a spontaneous movement to create different histories of various departments and schools within the University. The history of the University now proved that memory of the University's communities is highly divisive.

In an attempt to write a synthetic and all-inclusive history of the University, the authors attempt to see the main focus of their work in what they identify as "the University style" or a cultural code of the University. It is this cultural code that the authors believe can be imposed upon the variety of sources and materials in order to help create a narrative of the University history. The University is further treated as a place of memory, while different aspects of the self-representation of the University community are reconstructed on different levels of the cultural code. The authors explore instances of "forgetting", whereby particular events, perceived as shameful within the cultural code, have been obscured and removed from the University's past. Given the University location as the easternmost institution of higher learning, the authors discuss orientalist tropes in the cultural code of the school. They also explore memory of women in the University. Discussing the structure of memory, the authors note its asymmetric character: the pre-1917 period is characterized by the proliferation of memoirs, whereas the Soviet period is dominated by official documents. Nevertheless, during the Soviet period memoirs of the University graduates were collected through a librarian's initiative and the authors make use of these materials to discuss the role of the University in the progressive narrative of the making of Soviet personality. The authors further discuss different places of memory of the University, including the figure of the rector and various personalities associated with the school (including that of V. I. Lenin), and commemorating practices (monuments and museums) on the University campus.