Suchergebnisse

Анализируется опыт межтаджикских переговоров в качестве примера относительно успешного разрешения внутреннего конфликта. Переговоры длились более трех лет, в течение которых стороны обсудили целый ряд важных вопросов, начиная с положения беженцев и заканчивая вопросами политического переустройства республики. Серия раундов переговоров и личных встреч лидеров двух противоборствующих сторон завершилась подписанием Общего соглашения, которое позволило установить мир в Таджикистане, хотя о полном примирении сторон до сих пор не приходится говорить. ; The article analyses Inter-Tajik negotiations as a model of relatively successful internal conflict resolution. Civil War in Tajikistan was the bloodiest after the collapse of the USSR. Active hostilities continued for less than a year from April to December 1992, and then the war became positional and protracted. After the years of violations the war termination became the burning issue. The participants of Inter-Tajik Dialog launched in March 1993 within the Dartmouth Conferences began to clear the way for the future negotiations. In one year in April 1994 the official negotiations started. There are three first stages of conflict resolution: to cease the violation, to carry on a dialogue, to begin the negotiation process. In case of Inter-Tajik negotiations all these three stages took place simultaneously, not sequentially. The negotiations continued for more than three years. The parties discussed a whole number of important issues from the plight of the refugees to the political reforms. At first it was very hard to continue negotiations because the parties did not trust each other. Even some insignificant agreement required great efforts, but very often it was not realized due to disagreements inside the belligerents. Many times the negotiations were on the verge of breakdown and continued due to foreign pressure. The situation in neighbouring Afghanistan influenced the negotiation process very much. After the seizure of power by Taliban in September 1996 the Russian Federation pressed upon both parties to hasten the peace process. At the end of more than three years of talks and personal meetings of two leaders the General agreement was signed. It permitted to establish peace in Tajikistan, still it was not full reconciliation. As a result of agreements the opposition was involved in distribution of political resources, but to some extent. Today the situation in the Republic is uneasy; the government controls not all the territory of the country, armed clashes between government and certain alignments of opposition continue in some regions. In fact, peace process is incomplete, but the naked violence actions are minimized. Since the 15 years when General Agreement was signed there were not grave violations endangering the peace. The implementation of General Agreement permits to accomplish the main goals: to bring the conflict to an end and to maintain the territorial integrity of Tajikistan.

Рассматривается вопрос о роли региональных кланов Таджикистана в политической жизни страны. Клановая структура характерна для всех центрально-азиатских республик, однако только в Таджикистане противоречия между ними привели к затяжному внутреннему конфликту. В результате войны произошло перераспределение властных ресурсов, сменился правящий клан. Однако до сих пор основной проблемой современного Таджикистана является соотношение общереспубликанской и местной власти, причем не в пользу первой. ; This article examines the role of regional clans in Tajikistan political life. The clan structure is typical for all Central Asian states but only in Tajikistan clan contradictions led to the long internal conflict. The matter of Tajikistan national boundaries has two aspects: external and internal. First, the historical boundaries of modern Tajikistan do not correspond to the territory settled by ethnic Tajiks. In fact Tajik people are divided between three states: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan. Second, the main problem of modern state is internal heterogeneity and fragmentation. Many researches consider that such isolation of the regions is determined by geographical location, cultural and language differences can also be mentioned, but the most important is the level of economic development. There are five main regional clans in Tajkistan: Leninabad (Khujand, Sughd), Kulyab, Hisor, Garm and Gorno-Badakhshan (Pamir). During the Civil War the first three were united against the last two organized in the United Tajik Opposition (the so-called "democratic and Islamic coalition"). The results of the Civil War were ambiguous. On the one hand, the war ended by long negotiations between belligerents resulted in a compromise General Agreement. On the other hand, it was only the change of the ruling clan: the Kulyabis came to power instead of the Khujandis. The main problem of modern Tajikistan is correlation of republican and local authorities, not in favour of the former. Officially Tajikistan is a unitary state; each region is subordinated to the central government (except for Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province), but in reality the central government does not control all the territory. However, the current political situation is not only inter-clan confrontation. The clan hierarchy was undermined during the Empire and Soviet periods, but was not destroyed. It all resulted in some mix of modern trends and traditional distribution of power. In the long term the clan-winner needs to take into consideration the interests of the opposition to stay in power. Paradoxically, the Civil War and the long negotiation process helped to establish a relatively free political regime unlike the neighbouring Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.