Suchergebnisse

Статья посвящена одному из ключевых для периода Гражданской войны направлений деятельности государственной власти осведомительной работе, сочетавшей в себе элементы политического контроля и пропаганды. Автор рассматривает процесс зарождения и организационного становления информационно-пропагандистских учреждений Временного Сибирского правительства. В центре внимания структурная и институциональная эволюция двух государственных учреждений Информационного отдела при Совете министров и военно-исторического отдела штаба Сибирской армии. ; The article is about the initial (end of May beginning of November, 1918) stage of the development of the government information and political propaganda institutions of white Siberia. The SRs, who played the key role in forming the power structures in Siberia at that time and also had a great experience in propaganda work, actively began the ideological mobilization of society to fight the Bolsheviks. That mobilization provided some adjustments of political attitudes of the population. In the first half of June 1918 first institutions were created, whose tasks were to inform the government and conduct political propaganda. They were: the Government Information Bureau and the Department of the Formation of the Voluntary National Army. Later the formation of information institutions in the Siberian army began. The object of the study is to reveal the basic tendencies of formation and development of government staff of information and political propaganda in this period. Organizing the government information service, the political leaders of white Siberia considered it as "a kind of a resonator which tells the news radially both up and down". The main structural elements of that scheme were the Government Information Bureau which, on the one hand, informed people about the government activity and, on the other, supplied the government, concerned ministries and agencies with the information about the local situation, and the Telegraph Agency. The first widespread use of oral anti-Bolshevik propaganda refers to that time, when several hundreds of government and zemstvo instructors, sent to the country people, were agitating in support of the Provisional Siberian Government, the Constituent Assembly and the formation of the voluntary national army. The government institutions achieved certain results in organizing "right" information: a network of correspondents of the Siberian Telegraph Agency was formed in the cities of eastern Russia (from Yekaterinburg to Yakutsk and Vladivostok), and the publication of Sibirsliy vestnik [Siberian Bulletin] began. The Information Bureau collected and analyzed the periodical press materials, supplied concerned ministries and departments with information about the local situation. However, the impact of this information on the making of decisions was minimal. In general, information agencies of white Siberia acted on their own and did not represent a uniform system, the scale of their propaganda work was small, and the influence on the local level was rather limited.

На примере восстановления практики обязательного призыва в армию в статье рассматривается проблема институционализации Омского антибольшевистского правительства в период Гражданской войны. Особое внимание уделено выявлению тех специфических условий, в которых проходила первая принудительная мобилизация. Выступая для противоборствующих сторон важным источником материальных и людских ресурсов, деревня в эти годы представляла сложную арену взаимодействия сельских обывателей, агентов центральной и местной власти, военных, повстанцев и партизан. В этих условиях выполнение крестьянами государственных повинностей становится одним из определяющих факторов отношения деревни к новому политическому порядку. ; The article considers the problem of institutionalization of the Omsk anti-bolshevik government in the Civil war period. The author reveals some specific conditions of the mobilization in autumn 1918 in Siberian villages. In the conditions of fierce armed confrontation the implementation of military services by peasants became one of the determining factors of village attitude to the new political order.

На примере правительств Белого Востока рассматривается такое ключевое для периода Гражданской войны направление деятельности государственной власти, как осведомительная работа, сочетавшая в себе элементы политического контроля и пропаганды. В обобщенном виде представлены наиболее существенные стороны истории становления и развития осведомительного аппарата антибольшевистских правительств на территории Сибири: этапы организационно-структурной эволюции, основные функции и направления работы. ; During the Civil war both the whites and the reds had an equally difficult task: they had not only to convince the overwhelming part of the Russian population of the appeal of their program, of the benefits of the proposed model of country's development, but to also have considerable sacrifices for the sake of its implementation. There was a need in new political technologies, allowing not simply to reproduce the dominant ideological beliefs on a mass scale, but also to have an influence on people stronger than before, changing their political attitudes. Both Bolsheviks and their opponents made a wide use of "informative work". In Siberia this political practice included three main components: transfer of the various channels of information, which the state authorities were interested in, tracking of the political moods of the population, curbing the spread of undesirable information for the regime. In the limits of the political system of white Siberia there was formed their own informative machine, which was understood as the sum total of information, propaganda, cultural-educational and censorship institutions and agencies, both civil and military, the activity of which was directed toward information and communications, conducted by the Omsk government's political course, the ideological mobilization of the population in the East of Russia with the aim of achieving victory over the Bolsheviks. The beginning of the formation of political propaganda in the territory of Siberia dates back to June 1918 (information office of the Administrative department and the information office at the Administration of the Affairs of the West-Siberian Commissariat). In the development of the government apparatus for informative and political propaganda one can trace several periods: the origin (June October 1918), the formation (November 1918 February 1919), the greatest activity (March October 1919), termination of the activity (November 1919 July 1920). The main task that was to be solved by the propaganda agencies of the White East, was the formation and consolidation of the "imagined community", understood as "the Russian national community", its objectives being the struggle with Bolshevism. As a special subsystem in the state mechanism the apparatus of government informative work and political propaganda carried out the following functions: generation of new interpretations of the political and historical realities, construction of new collective identities of the ideological mobilization of the population to fight against opponents of the regime. However, due to some reasons the degree of effectiveness of government bodies for informative work and propaganda was low. They failed to win any dominant position in the information space. Various rumors, Zemstvo co-operative printing, the Bolshevik and SR propaganda were the channels of spreading of alternative information, which enjoyed great trust with the population of the region. In addition, on a day to day basis there were revealed vulnerabilities of the Kolchak regime, the flaws in the work of the managerial staff: imperfection and a low efficiency of the civil administration and judicial institutions on the ground, lack of coordination in actions, lawlessness and arbitrariness of the agents of power. Government's inability to cope with the growing speculation and corruption served as a good indicator of its helplessness and inefficiency. As a result the propaganda being not backed up by the real actions was losing trust with the population, and the Omsk political regime was losing its attractiveness and support.

Анализируется один из ключевых пропагандистских концептов белой Сибири весны осени 1919 г.: образ «единого стратегического фронта борьбы с большевиками». Рассматриваются условия, в которых актуализируется мифологема «единого антибольшевистского фронта», трансформация ее содержания. ; The article dwells upon the transformation of the content of one of the key propaganda concepts of white Siberia in the spring autumn of 1919: the image "a uniform strategic front of struggle against the Bolsheviks". From the end of April, 1919 conditions on the East front begin to change. During a variety of front operations the troops of the Soviet East front inflicted a defeat over the basic forces of Kolchak armies. A chain of failures at the front had demoralizing influence on the army. Military defeats demoralized rear organizations even to a larger degree. Among inhabitants panic began. In these conditions the Russian government of admiral A.V.Kolchak and the Headquarters started an active political propaganda among the armies and the population. There is an essential reorganization of the informant body, its financing extends. The Omsk government strengthens publishing activity, undertakes a number of steps on creation of places of the special commissions which are engaged in distribution of the propaganda literature. The various interdepartmental meetings directed for the coordination of the work of separate informant bodies are held. Changes at the front affected the content side of political propaganda of the Omsk Government, the strategy of propaganda discourse. Actualization of the image of "a uniform strategic front of struggle against the Bolsheviks", a wide use of metaphors of "an iron ring", "an iron cage" and "the hunted animal" occurs even in the early spring of 1919, in successful approach of the Western and Siberian armies. Actively using this image, the press loyal to the Omsk regime, aspired to depict the white movement as a monolithic force with the general command and a uniform strategy. East front was presented as the basic, and A.V. Kolchak as the doubtless leader of all the Anti-bolshevist forces. The position of the Soviet Russia was depicted as hopeless. Thus, the concept of "a uniform strategic front of struggle against the Bolsheviks" was supposed to unite all the forces hostile to "Sovdepia", and convince those hesitating that for a definitive victory one last, resolute effort was necessary. In the period of the defeat of Kolchak armies the content of the given image was transformed. On the foreground there is an aspiration to smooth the impression about military failures, to calm down the army and the population. The retreat of the white armies was thus presented as a strategic maneuvering within the limits of realization of a uniform strategy. Thus news about the successes at the front of generals A.I. Denikin or N.N. Judenich were meant to compensate for own defeats. As a whole the propaganda image of "a uniform strategic front of struggle against the Bolsheviks" acted for the Omsk government as an important tool of formation of political identity, population mobilization for the struggle against the Soviet power.

Рассматривается история создания и деятельности телеграфных агентств (Сибирского, Всероссийского, Российского, Русского) на востоке России в период Гражданской войны, их роль в информационном обеспечении регионального (Временное Сибирское) и всероссийских (Директория, Российское адмирала А.В. Колчака) антибольшевистских правительств. Обладая монопольным правом на официально распространяемые сведения, телеграфные агентства являлись важным инструментом государственного контроля как над периодической печатью, так и опосредованно над общественным мнением. ; The article considers the history of creation and activity of the telegraph agency (Siberian, All-Russia, Russian, Russian) in the east of Russia in The Civil War, its role in suppling information for the regional (Provisional Siberian) and All-Russia (the Directory, Russian of admiral A.V. Kolchak) the Antibolshevik governments. On July 24th, 1918 by the decision of the provisional Siberian government alongside with temporary rules about the organization of Informational bureau at the Ministerial council office the Position about the Siberian telegraph agency was approved. The task of the latter was to inform Siberia and foreign countries on the political and economic events representing public interest. Military data concerned the most important information. The Siberian telegraph agency dispatched circular telegrams, and also published bulletins. Regionally branches were created or agents were appointed. With the formation of the provisional All-Russia government (PAG) that had claims for the power in the all-Russian scale in September 1918, at the State meeting in Ufa, there also started the creation of the All-Russia telegraph agency, included in structure of the governmental news department. However up to the November revolution neither new staff, nor its budget was approved. After admiral A.V. Kolchak came to power PAG news department was subordinated to the government administrative office by the decision of Ministerial council from November 19th, 1918. The All-Russia telegraph agency was renamed for Russian. In May 1919 there was a re-structuring of the governmental news department. A part of its divisions was passed to conducting the joint-stock enterprise Russian society of printing (RSP). The governmental telegraph agency began to operate under the name Russian telegraph agency (RTA). For the purpose of improvement of quality of the transferred information there was created the reporter department. Reporters independently collected the information in government agencies, municipal bodies, in public organizations close contacts to the Administrative office of the Russian government, and also with visible political and public figures etc. come into. All it has allowed to refuse the RTA reprints of materials from local newspapers. For coordination of activity of local agents special inspection has been organized. The problem of the inspector included setting of relations with local public and literary circles, their attraction to participation in MOUTH work, instructing of correspondents, training to their short cable syllable etc. Telegraph agencies replacing each other (Siberian, All-Russia, Russian, Russian) acted in a role of the technical device of the governmental press-services, carrying out transfer and distribution of the significant information for a political mode. Actually they possessed a monopoly on officially spread informations. Owing to it telegraph agencies were the important tool of the state control, both over periodicals and indirectly over public opinion.

Рассматриваются основные мероприятия правительственных, военных и общественных учреждений и организаций белой Сибири по объединению и координации осведомительной, культурно-просветительной и издательской работы. ; An important feature of the Russian Civil War was the underlying clash of political beliefs, the conflict of ideologies. It was this ideological rift of social forces, which involved many millions of the inhabitants of the great empire, that gave the opposition a particularly violent and uncompromising character. In the early 1919, Omsk Government and the Headquarters had rather branched information and propaganda bodies. As a part of the Administration Council of Ministers, there was a press department (headed by A.I. Mankiewicz). The press department and a number of ministries were functioning. The military department had an informant department and a press department at the General Headquarters. In late January at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander a Special Office was formed (Oskanverh), headed by Captain P.N. Zubov. Propaganda (information) departments were functioning with the headquarters of separate armies; in early March, they were converted to special office (oskanarmy). In these conditions, there was a deliberate and systematic work to streamline and harmonize the activities of all promotional agencies of the Omsk Government, to outline their powers. The main form of coordination of anti-Bolshevik propaganda in the east of Russia in the spring and autumn of 1919 were departmental and interdepartmental meetings. On March 7, 1919 The Council of Ministers of the Omsk Government issued a decree on the establishment of a permanent Conference for the press. On the territory of the Volga, the Urals and Siberia, the Conference led all the publications. It defined a common government policy in the field of print, provided financial support for newspapers, magazines and publishers of the official directions, dealt with personnel issues, led the advocacy work abroad. During the spring and autumn of 1919 there were several inter-agency meetings organized by the military propaganda (the Press Department of the General Staff, Osvedverh) and the Russian press bureau. At these meetings, the issues particularly related to the spread of agitation and propaganda among the troops and the population were discussed. However, with all the initiatives, the real unification and harmonization of informative, cultural, educational and publishing trends in the activity of Kolchak's propaganda did not happen. The main obstacle was the lack of a comprehensive political program and a coherent ideological doctrine, which deprived the Omsk propaganda workers of the very basis for their activities.

Анализируются причины активизации правительственной антибольшевистской пропаганды в Сибири весной-летом 1919 г. Рассматривается история создания двух наиболее значимых пропагандистских структур омского режима: Русского бюро печати и Осведомительного отдела штаба Верховного главнокомандующего (Осведверха). Автор приходит к заключению о том, что действия этих двух органов были слабо скоординированы. ; The experience of the revolution and the Civil War in Russia has clearly demonstrated the significance of ideology and propaganda as a mobilizing factor, a tool of legitimation of power in the crucial moments of social life. Since May 1919 in Siberia there is a marked intensification of anti-Bolshevik propaganda, accompanied by a reorganization of the informative staff. This was due to several factors. First, Omsk politicians realize how poorly the governments, political and social circles of Western countries are informed about the events in Russia. Second, during this period the shape of the political program of the Omsk government became clearer. Third, by mid-May the Whites face a deteriorating situation at the front. Fourth, by mid-spring of 1919 the camp of anti-Bolshevik forces has the final political disengagement: moderate socialists are moving from the precarious coalition with the White movement to a policy of conditional support for the Bolshevik and Soviet authorities. Fifth, the failure of the front uncovered miscalculations and shortcomings in ideological work of the Russian government of Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak government and its propaganda apparatus. Sixth, the radical restructuring of the informative departments of The Headquarters and General Staff took place in connection with the general reorganization of the central military apparatus. By the summer of 1919 the central place in the Kolchak propaganda machine was taken by the Press Department of the Administration Council of Ministers, Informative Department of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief staff or abbreviated Osvedverh, as well as the Russian press bureau. The establishment of such large structures as the RPB and Osvedverh streamlined organization of state propaganda among the troops and the population and gave it considerable proportions. During summer and autumn of 1919 the ideological apparatus of the Omsk Government worked actively to "revive and strengthen the spirit of patriotism and national identity", "destruction of the influence of Bolshevik propaganda". At the same time, the activities of informative departments were poorly coordinated.

Рассматривается взаимосвязь повседневной жизни сибирского города и организации политической пропаганды антибольшевистскими правительствами в годы Гражданской войны. Исследуются причины слабой эффективности осведомительного аппарата белых в Сибири. ; The article focuses on the interrelation of everyday life of a Siberian city and the antibolshevist governments political propaganda organisation during the Civil war. The reasons of the weak efficiency of the Whites' informative machinery in Siberia are investigated.

Статья посвящена участию русинов в гражданской войне на востоке России. Цель исследования – на основе материалов официальной и проправительственной периодической печати, выходившей с лета 1918 до конца 1919 г., выявить особенности информационно-пропагандистской кампании, сопровождавшей формирование карпаторусских воинских частей в Сибири. Общая цель – воссоединение всех русских земель и возрождение Российского государства – объединила правительство адмирала А.В. Колчака и Центральный Карпаторусский совет. Основным инструментом воздействия на уроженцев Прикарпатья, размещавшихся в колониях беженцев и лагерях военнопленных, стала газета «Карпаторусское слово», активно пропагандировавшая идею единства русского и карпаторусского народов, живым воплощением которой должны были стать добровольческие подразделения русинов в составе русской армии адмирала А.В. Колчака. Сформировавшийся в среде карпатороссов-русофилов рассказ о «единой неделимой Руси» («нарратив воссоединения») летом 1919 г. был встроен в официальный дискурс колчаковского режима и стал идейной основой призыва на военную службу всех уроженцев Прикарпатской Руси в возрасте от 18 до 43 лет. Четко выраженную мобилизующую направленность имели публичные церемониальные мероприятия (день памяти М.Т. Сандовича, «День карпаторусса», полковой праздник 1-го Карпаторусского стрелкового полка, освящение полкового знамени), широко освещавшиеся официальной прессой. Авторы приходят к заключению, что, несмотря на массированное, по меркам Сибири того времени, информационно-идеологическое сопровождение, мобилизационная кампания лета–осени 1919 г. оказалась малоэффективной. Сформированные в результате этой кампании воинские части уже не могли переломить хода боевых действий на Восточном фронте гражданской войны. ; The article is devoted to the participation of Rusyns in the Civil War in the East of Russia. The purpose of the research is to educe the peculiarities of advocacy campaign accompanied the formation of Carpatho-Russian military units in Siberia, on the basis of the official and pro-Government periodicals published since the summer of 1918 until the end of 1919. The overall goal – the reunification of all the Russian lands and the revival of Russian State – joined the Government of Admiral A.V. Kolchak and the Central CarpathoRussian Council. The main leverage to the natives of Ciscarpathian located in the colonies of refugees and prison camps became the newspaper "Carpatho-Russian Word" that actively promote the idea of unity of Russian and Carpatho-Russian peoples, the living embodiment of this had to be the volunteer units of Rusyns within the Russian army of Admiral A.V. Kolchak. The story about "Single Indivisible Russia" ("narrative of reunification") formed among the Carpatho-Russian-Russophiles was integrated into the official discourse of Kolchak regime in the summer of 1919 and it became the ideological basis of conscription of all natives of Ciscarpathian Rus in age from 18 to 43 years. Public ceremonial events (Remembrance Day of M.T. Sandovich, the "Day of Carpatho-Russian", regimental holiday of the 1st Carpatho-Russian rifle regiment, consecration of regimental color), widely publicized by the official press, had well-defined mobilizing orientation. The authors come to the conclusion that, despite the massive (by the standards of Siberia of that time) informationideological support, the mobilization campaign of the summer and autumn of 1919 proved to be ineffective. Units formed as a result of this campaign could not reverse the course of tactical activities on the eastern front of the Civil War.

В статье на основе материалов официальной и проправительственной периодической печати, выходившей на востоке России с лета 1918 до конца 1919 г., рассматривается использование Омским правительством и Центральным Карпаторусским советом в пропагандистских целях темы и образов «Великой войны». По мнению авторов, объединяющим для карпаторусского национального и российского антибольшевистского движения началом служил рассеянный по многим газетным текстам, листовкам и пропагандистским брошюрам рассказ о «Единой Неделимой Руси». Это сверхтекстовое повествование представляло собой специфический политический нарратив, обладавший своим сценарием развертывания темы и ее репрезентации, устойчивой актантной схемой, определенной последовательностью подачи материала. Тема и образы «Великой войны» являлись составной частью этого нарратива, а их актуализация происходила в контексте репрезентации идей общерусского и славянского единства. Само повествование о «Единой Неделимой Руси» выступало формой осмысления, упорядочивания и организации исторического опыта и консти-туирования на этой основе новой картины мира. Тема и образы «Великой войны» были включены в структурирование политического пространства Белого Востока, выстроенного в соответствии с семантико-идеологической оппозицией «свой чужой», на одной стороне которой находились Омское правительство и национальное движение карпатороссов, а на другой Центральные державы, украинские «самостийники» и большевики. ; The Carpatho-Rusyns (Rusyns) which is located in Russia were drawn into armed confrontation between the "reds" and "whites", after the beginning of the Civil War. The Central Carpatho-Russian Council was created In October 1918 at the Congress in Chelyabinsk. The organization had the purposes "liberation of the Ciscarpathian Rus from the Austro-Magyar yoke and its reunification with Russia" and "protection as national cultural and material interests of all Rusyns". The Russian government of Admiral A.V. Kolchak, which came to power November 18, 1918, considered the Rusyn's national movement as an ally. Both sides had the common goals a reunion of all the Russian land and the revival of the Russian state. The purpose of the research is to identify the role played by the deployment and reproduction of the themes and images of the "Great War" in the interaction of government of Admiral A.V. Kolchak and the Central Carpatho-Russian Council. Authors analyzed materials of the newspaper ("Karpatorusskoe slowo"), which was published by The Central Carpatho-Russian Council. The narrative about "Single Indivisible Russia", was considered on the basis of this periodical's materials. This narrative was formed the value-symbolic space of the newspaper. Idea "of the unity of the all Russian people" was the main theme of the narrative about "Single Indivisible Russia". This idea was based of the heroic past of the Ciscarpathian Rus "the land, where began the history of Russia". The political discourse of the White Siberia presented the First World War as a specific starting point, backbone, structuring the political space. Besides, the "Great War" played the significant role in the construction of the new political identity, based on the national, sovereign and patriotic values and the memory of the former glories of Russia. The Central Carpatho-Russian Council also actively addressed to this subject. All history of Ruthenian (Rusins) appeared in a form of continuous struggle for preserving their national identity, which culmination was the World War, turned into a disaster for the population of Ciscarpathian Rus. The adversities of war which fell upon Galicia were considered as a test of fidelity of Carpatho-Russian to the idea of ail-Russian unity. The victory over the "Teutonic-Magyar barbarians" meant, apart from everything else, a triumph of justice and law over an outrage and violence, thereby, Ciscarpathian Russia ruined during the war, would already "vivify" in a new quality as a part of United and Indivisible Russia. In such a manner, the story about "Single Indivisible Russia" scattered through many newspaper texts, leaflets and propaganda brochures, represents the specific political narrative, possessing its own scenario of expansion of the subject and its representation, the steady actantial scheme, and the determined sequence of a material feed. In such a situation, the theme and images of the "Great War" had been an integral part of the narrative of "Single Indivisible Russia", and their actualization took place in the context of representation of the ideas of all-Russian and Slavic Unity. The narration of "Single Indivisible Russia" was a form of understanding, ordering and organization of historical experience and an institutionalization on this basis of a new image of the world. The subject and images of "Great War" were included in the structuring of the political space of White East, built according to the semantics-ideological opposition "friend-or-foe", on the one side there were the Omsk Government and the national movement of Carpatho-Russian, and on the other side the Central powers, Ukrainian "independentists" (Ukrainian separatists) and the Bolsheviks.