Suchergebnisse

Раздел "Международные отношения" ; The article aims at showing the problem of the Palestinian representation at the official bilateral and multilateral negotiations on the Middle East peace settlement held in 1991—1993. It is shown that the problem contains several issues. They are as follows: the issue of the Palestinian representation as an independent delegation, the problem of the participation of the delegates from East Jerusalem and the representatives of the Palestinians abroad, as well as the issue of the organization of consultations and communication between the Palestinian delegates and the PLO leadership. The research concerns the period from the Middle East international peace conference held on October 30 — November 1, 1991 in Madrid up to the official recognition of the PLO by the Government of the State of Israel on September 9, 1993. After the official recognition of the PLO the problem of the Palestinian representation at the negotiations was solved, insofar the PLO leadership had a right to define a form of the representation and the delegation membership independently. The text of the official invitation to the international conference in Madrid did not contain any provisions indicating a form of the Palestinian representation and their delegation membership nor the status of the bilateral and multilateral talks. That is why during the negotiations the Palestinian side was able to put forward its demands of the Palestinian independent representation, the broadening of the Palestinian delegation membership and the framework for organization of direct consultations between the Palestinian delegates and the PLO leadership. The problem of the independent representation of the Palestinian delegation had been solved by the beginning of the third round of the bilateral negotiations in January 1992. The Palestinian side achieved the participation of the representatives of East Jerusalem and the Palestinians abroad through the formation of the Consulting Committee. The questions of providing communication and the consultations between the Palestinian delegates and the PLO leadership were at the host-countries' (Spain, the USA etc.) discretion. It is noted that the US position in this respect was stricter and softened only in April 1992. PLO participation in the bilateral and multilateral negotiations is obvious and it can be seen in the presence of its representatives in the delegations as well as in the Palestinian delegates' consultations with the PLO leaders.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Документы и материалы" ; В статье рассматривается формирование и реализация энергетической политики Турции в Каспийском регионе в 1998—2009 гг. Концептуальные основы этой политики были оформлены в начале 2000-х гг. и закреплены в Энергетической стратегии Турции 2010 г. Целью энергетической политики Турции является диверсификация поставок энергоресурсов на внутренний рынок страны и закрепление за собой позиций основного транзитера энергоресурсов Каспия в Европу. Основными партнерами Турции в регионе выступают Российская Федерация, Азербайджан, Иран и Туркменистан. Страны успешно реализуют двусторонние проекты в области энергетики. Вместе с тем, наблюдается нарастающая зависимость Турции от поставок энергетических ресурсов из России. Участие Турции в конкурентных проектах по транзиту ресурсов Каспия пока не решает эту проблему, однако укрепляет позиции Турции в политических контактах с ЕС и способствует развитию сотрудничества с государствами Каспийского региона в энергетической сфере. = The article examines the issues of forming and realization of Turkey energy policy in the Caspian region in 1998—2009. The foundation of this policy was formed in the beginning of the 2000s and was consolidated in the 2010 Turkey Energy Strategy. Turkey energy policy aims at diversification of energy resources imports and at keeping the strong position of the key transit state for the Caspian resources transportation to Europe. The main partners of Turkey in the region are Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran and Turkmenistan. These states successfully implement bilateral energy projects. At the same time Turkey's growing dependence on imports of energy resources from Russia can be observed. Participation in alternative regional projects does not contribute to the solution of this problem but it does reinforce the Turkish position in its political contacts with the EU and promotes the Caspian states cooperation in the sphere of energy.