Suchergebnisse

The article seeks to comparatively analyse the functions implemented in the Late Middle Ages by quarters in the main towns or cities of Prussia, including Rechtstadt Danzig (Main City of Gdańsk), Altstadt Königsberg (Old Town of Königsberg [today Kaliningrad]), Braunsberg (Braniewo), Altstadt Thorn (Toruń), and Kulm (Chełmno). Special attention is placed on answering the question of how the quarters participated in the municipal authority structures and the relationships between town councils and the commons. Quarters in Prussian towns developed since the fifteenth century, somewhat later than in East Central European towns. Establishment of these units was based on several premises: organisation of fiscal accountancy, fire safety concerns, military purposes, and town councils' strivings to reinforce control over the dwellers. Influenced by the city revolts at the beginning of the fifteenth and in the sixteenth century, town councils took efforts to create a system of mobilisation and communication with the inhabitants that would work without the intermediation of guilds (as in Elbing [Elbląg], Danzig, and Thorn). Subordination of the older quarters to the municipal authorities caused, moreover, that in the face of internal or external threat, the community appeared as a community ruled by town councillors. ; p. 175-189 ; 23 cm ; The article seeks to comparatively analyse the functions implemented in the Late Middle Ages by quarters in the main towns or cities of Prussia, including Rechtstadt Danzig (Main City of Gdańsk), Altstadt Königsberg (Old Town of Königsberg [today Kaliningrad]), Braunsberg (Braniewo), Altstadt Thorn (Toruń), and Kulm (Chełmno). Special attention is placed on answering the question of how the quarters participated in the municipal authority structures and the relationships between town councils and the commons. Quarters in Prussian towns developed since the fifteenth century, somewhat later than in East Central European towns. Establishment of these units was based on several premises: organisation of fiscal accountancy, fire safety concerns, military purposes, and town councils' strivings to reinforce control over the dwellers. Influenced by the city revolts at the beginning of the fifteenth and in the sixteenth century, town councils took efforts to create a system of mobilisation and communication with the inhabitants that would work without the intermediation of guilds (as in Elbing [Elbląg], Danzig, and Thorn). Subordination of the older quarters to the municipal authorities caused, moreover, that in the face of internal or external threat, the community appeared as a community ruled by town councillors. ; s. 175-189 ; 23 cm

p. 83-116 ; Bibliography under articles. Index ; Texts also in English. Summaries in English. ; See also "Listy do władz centralnych w Polsce 1945–1989 (przewodnik)" = Letters to the Central Authorities in Poland, 1945–1989 (Guidebook): ; https://rcin.org.pl./publication/91801 ; s. 83-116 ; Bibliografia pod artykułami. Indeks ; Teksty również w języku angielskim. Streszczenie angielskie. ; Zob. również: Listy do władz centralnych w Polsce 1945–1989 (przewodnik): ; https://rcin.org.pl./publication/91801

p. 55-116 ; 24 cm ; s. 55-116 ; 24 cm

The political 'Thaw' of 1956-7 was in Poland a period of thorough political as well as cultural and social change. While the political liberalisation came to an end rather soon, the team of Władysław Gomułka, the newly-appointed First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party [PZPR], in power since October 1956, cared much for maintaining and reinforcing their pro-social and reformatory image. The leadership team's assent for a more sophisticated consumption, part of which was owning a car, helped alleviate social tensions. The models were drawn from the West of Europe and from the United States, which for the Polish society were the major points of reference, as well as from the other socialist countries - particularly, East Germany (the GDR) and Czechoslovakia, where the political and societal significance of motorisation had already been appreciated. On the other hand, offering private individuals an opportunity to purchase a car was meant to be a remarkable tool used to draw the 'hot money' down from the market, thus preventing inflation. Cars, imported or Polish-made, began being (relatively) freely traded, at very high prices. This did not limit the demand, as acquiescence for private business operations contributed to the growing of the group of affluent people. While this incited the citizens to develop their own strategies of acquiring cars - not infrequently colliding with the law; the authorities began gradually reinstating the rationing. All the same, the number of private cars quickly increased, to 58,600 as of 1958, up from some 24,750 in 1956. Public discussion started around popular low-capacity (small-engine) cars - whether licensed (Renault, Simca, Fiat) or (to be) made in Poland. However, in spite of the raised expectations the authorities decided that it was still too early for a mass motorisation: this was made possible only in the early 1970s. ; p. 71-95 ; 23 cm ; The political 'Thaw' of 1956-7 was in Poland a period of thorough political as well as cultural and social change. While the political liberalisation came to an end rather soon, the team of Władysław Gomułka, the newly-appointed First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party [PZPR], in power since October 1956, cared much for maintaining and reinforcing their pro-social and reformatory image. The leadership team's assent for a more sophisticated consumption, part of which was owning a car, helped alleviate social tensions. The models were drawn from the West of Europe and from the United States, which for the Polish society were the major points of reference, as well as from the other socialist countries - particularly, East Germany (the GDR) and Czechoslovakia, where the political and societal significance of motorisation had already been appreciated. On the other hand, offering private individuals an opportunity to purchase a car was meant to be a remarkable tool used to draw the 'hot money' down from the market, thus preventing inflation. Cars, imported or Polish-made, began being (relatively) freely traded, at very high prices. This did not limit the demand, as acquiescence for private business operations contributed to the growing of the group of affluent people. While this incited the citizens to develop their own strategies of acquiring cars - not infrequently colliding with the law; the authorities began gradually reinstating the rationing. All the same, the number of private cars quickly increased, to 58,600 as of 1958, up from some 24,750 in 1956. Public discussion started around popular low-capacity (small-engine) cars - whether licensed (Renault, Simca, Fiat) or (to be) made in Poland. However, in spite of the raised expectations the authorities decided that it was still too early for a mass motorisation: this was made possible only in the early 1970s. ; s. 71-95 ; 23 cm

During the Great War elites of Western Europe were forced to decide on their perception of Eastern Europe, on a new political order after the end of the war, and to think out how to keep the balance between Russia and Germany and what to do with increasing ambitions of Soviet Russia to regain control over the territories of the former Russian Empire. This text attempts to re-create the specific frame of mind of early twentieth-century British political elites which influenced their perception of Eastern European developments from Arthur Balfour's memorial in 1916 to Eastern Europe's concepts by Prime Minister David Lloyd George in 1920 and analyses of Sir Halford Mackinder, the father of British geopolitics. ; p. 5-26 ; Summary in Polish and English. ; Pierwsza wojna światowa wymusiła na elitach Europy Zachodniej potrzebę określenia, czym ma być Europa Wschodnia, jak wyglądać będzie nowy porządek polityczny po zakończeniu wielkiej wojny, czy da się utrzymać równowagę między Rosją a Niemcami oraz co zrobić z coraz większymi ambicjami Rosji sowieckiej przywrócenia kontroli nad ziemiami byłego Imperium Rosyjskiego. Niniejszy tekst dotyczy wizji Europy Wschodniej wśród brytyjskich elit politycznych od memoriału Arthura Balfoura z 1916 r. do koncepcji tej części Europy stworzonej w kręgu premiera Davida Lloyda George'a w 1920 r. oraz analiz Halforda Mackindera, ojca brytyjskiej geopolityki. ; s. 5-26 ; Streszcz. pol., ang.

Methodology: Non-random sampling, Stratified random sampling, Random sampling ; Thesis (Ph.D. (Development Administration))--National Institute of Development Administration, 1998. ; Awarded Thesis ; [preview](https://repository.nida.ac.th/bitstream/662723737/822/4/nida-diss-b92491.pdf.jpg)

Intervenção social. - ISSN 0874-1611. - N. 15-16 (1997). - p. 15-46 ; Les sociétés de l'Europe occidentale ont toutes connu au cours des vingt dernières années une croissance de la pauvreté dont l'un des signes manifestes fut l'augmentation rapide de la population assistée, le plus souvent refoulée ou tenue a distance du marché de l'emploi. Certes, ce phénomène a pris des proportions différentes d'un pays a l'autre, mais aucun pays n'a été vraiment épargné, a tel point que les systèmes de lutte contre la pauvreté qui paraissaient les plus solides, comme le système allemand ou celui des pays scandinaves par exemple, révèlent aujourd'hui, eux aussi, leurs réelles limites. Chaque pays cherche à faire face par ses propres moyens à cette évolution en réalisant diverses expériences sur lesquelles des évaluations sont engagées.

This commentary, on an essay written by Konnoth, considers the stance taken and motivated by the said author whereby the term ''medical civil rights'' and the application thereof should be recognised, specifically in context of the ''language of medicine''. The author departs sharply from the existing American legal scholarship, by defending medical rights-seeking. In essence, the commentary concurs with the said author's stance and illustrates the incidence and application thereof with examples of the Constitutional jurisprudence (case law) in South Africa as specifically pronounced by the Constitutional Court. The commentary concludes that the recognition of medical civil rights should find universal application and that underpinned values in Human Rights law (for example solidarity, justice and the right to dignity), relevant legislation, medical science and bio-ethics will be guiding sources in the recognition and application of medical civil rights to ultimately achieve transformation. ; Ce commentaire, d'un essai écrit par Konnoth, considère la position prise et motivée par ledit auteur selon laquelle le terme « droits civils médicaux » et son application devraient être reconnus, en particulier dans le contexte du « langage de la médecine ». L'auteur s'écarte fortement du savoir juridique américain existant, en défendant la recherche de droits médicaux. En substance, le commentaire rejoint la position de l'auteur et illustre son incidence et son application avec des exemples de la jurisprudence constitutionnelle en Afrique du Sud telle von qu'elle a été spécifiquement prononcée par la Cour constitutionnelle. Le commentaire conclut que la reconnaissance des droits civils médicaux devrait trouver une application universelle et que les valeurs qui sous-tendent les droits de l'homme (par exemple la solidarité, la justice et le droit à la dignité), la législation pertinente, la science médicale et la bioéthique seront des sources directrices dans la reconnaissance et l'application des droits civils médicaux ...