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This book presents a study of politico-ideological mobilisation and violence by focusing on the life stories, trajectories and narratives of individuals who mobilised for causes and conflicts in the Arab World. It provides a greater understanding of the biographical, sociological, political and historic factors pertinent for their radicalisation processes.

What makes individuals identify with suffering and injustice, often of others and elsewhere? Why do individuals feel the need to stand up in the first place and how does violent action become a justifiable or necessary course of action? Why and how do they disengage from violence? This book, based on interviews conducted in Lebanon, Switzerland, and Canada, answers these questions. It presents new theoretical insights about politico-ideological mobilisation and violence. By focusing on grievances and grounding analysis in the empirical reality as it is shared and narratively constructed by those who are at the heart of the phenomenon, it moves beyond the moralistic and politicised debates that characterise the field. Interviewees include non-violent and violent engagement for causes and conflicts related to the Arab World, such as sympathisers or members of groups and causes from a variety of ideological orientations, including Shiite militias, Salafi-jihadist groups, radical left-wing groups, Palestine-specific, Kurdish groups, and others such as right-wing or unspecified affiliations. By choosing individuals with different forms of political engagement, both non-violent and violent, and different ideological orientations, it helps readers to get a better grasp of how similar grievances may lead to different outcomes. In focusing on three markedly different geopolitical contexts, the book also provides a crosscontextual understanding of mobilisation for political and violent action. The interviewees also include experts and peripheral actors such as professionals, researchers, policymakers, friends, or family members. Their perspectives complement and enrich some of the findings by providing external yet in-depth 'expert knowledge'.

Politico-ideological Mobilisation and Violence in the Arab World will be of great interest to criminologists, political scientists, sociologists, and other scholars interested in the study of terrorism, radicalisation and extremism. It will also appeal to journalists, policymakers, practitioners working in the field.

This paper presents the findings from doctoral research conducted between 2018 and 2020 on politico-ideological mobilization and violence in relation to causes and conflicts in the Arab World. It focuses on interviews conducted in Lebanon with individuals engaged in violent action or sympathizing with violent groups. Ideologically, the sample comprised a variety of orientations, including Christian right-wing, Salafi-jihadist and Shia militantism. The socio-economic, ethno-racial and political grievances expressed by interviewees are analyzed in-depth and the importance of collective memories, identities and narratives is elaborated on. It is argued that grievances, in order to be sustained over time and space, need to decomplexify reality by allowing for analysis to escape to the global, the collective and the past. Grievances are narratively embedded in a framework that simplifies reality in order to pinpoint injustices and suggest straightforward actions for remedying them.

Cette thèse présente les travaux de recherche menés entre 2018 et 2020 au Liban, en Suisse et au Canada. Il s'est agi de mieux comprendre pourquoi des personnes se mobilisent pour des causes et des conflits liés au monde arabe, et d'engager de manière approfondie avec le rôle du sentiment d'injustice dans leurs trajectoires. Le protocole méthodologique reposait sur les entretiens semi-dirigés avec les premiers concernés – des personnes qui se sont mobilisées physiquement, tant de manière non-violente que par le recours à des répertoires d'action violents – et avec des acteurs périphériques, notamment des praticien·ne·s, des chercheuses et chercheurs, des politicien·ne·s, et des acteurs ordinaires de l'entourage des premiers concernés. En outre, des outils complémentaires tels que l'observation ethnographique à l'aide de notes de terrain et l'autoethnographie ont été activés. La thèse met en évidence que le sentiment d'injustice se développe principalement à travers des « chocs moraux », la réactivation de mémoires collectives ainsi que l'influence de ce que l'on pourrait appeler les « entrepreneurs du grief ». A part l'identification d'une injustice perçue comme étant historique, flagrante et collective, deux autres « performances sociales » peuvent être identifiées: La personne s'identifie personnellement avec la situation d'injustice (appropriation) et développe un sentiment de responsabilité qui la pousse à agir pour y remédier (responsabilisation). L'engagement basé sur le sentiment d'injustice (grievance-based engagement) se déroule dans un espace de tension entre le sacrifice pour une « juste cause» et le « goût de la radicalité » - dénotant l'aventurisme et les sensations fortes que peut procurer l'engagement politico-idéologique. La mobilisation doit ensuite toujours être comprise à l'aune des facteurs contextuels et de la « disponibilité biographique » de la personne. La thèse conclut avec des pistes de réflexion sur les politiques et pratiques qui visent à prévenir le phénomène terroriste.

Most studies on politico-ideological violence (PIV) recognize the importance of socio-political and economic grievances, but they rarely analyse them in depth. I argue that this is symptomatic of a tendency of depoliticization in radicalization research in the post 9/11 context and suggest that the study of PIV may benefit from putting greater emphasis on the element of grievance. A grievance-based analysis allows for critical and reflexive consideration of structural and systemic factors pertinent for engagement in PIV and may thereby contribute to demystifying and re-politicizing the current debate on PIV. I propose three 'ideal types' of grievances (racial, ethnic and religious; socio-economic; political), which may be locally or globally oriented or inspired, and suggest that a combination of those is likely to be present in most forms of PIV. I conclude with a few methodological reflections and potential implications for policymaking.

The solar energy is the major source of power for the future and an important source of renewable energy in Iraq and the world. Suitable climate conditions for solar energy are available in Iraq, especially the high temperature in the summer season which extends for more than six months in the year. Hence, the global solar radiation is abundant with high intensity, which is very essential in applicable models for researchers and solar applications. Therefore, nine first-order regression empirical equations of Angstrom-type correlations were used to estimate the more appropriate global solar radiation model for Baghdad city. Two equations were developed empirically in this work, using the most available and easy to get meteorological data, which is the temperature value in various forms. The results of the comparison between the real and calculated values showed reasonable agreement for most equations (including the development of R2- at 99%) as well as the least values of types of errors RMSE and MBE. As an exception, two equations of models failed in this study because of inability to apply to such climate conditions of Baghdad city.

Cet article analyse le cas de Sami, un demandeur d'asile irakien condamné en Suisse pour appartenance présumée au groupe « État islamique » (EI). Sur la base de documents judiciaires, cliniques et administratifs ainsi que d'entretiens approfondis avec les personnes concernées, il analyse comment peut progressivement se cimenter l'image d'un dangereux terroriste de l'EI et en discute les principaux enseignements qui peuvent en être tirés pour notre compréhension des dysfonctionnements du système pénal ( miscarriages of justice ) et notre engagement en tant que chercheurs avec le phénomène dit « terroriste ».

Cet article analyse le cas de Sami, un demandeur d'asile irakien condamné en Suisse pour appartenance présumée au groupe « EI ». Sur la base de documents judiciaires, cliniques et administratifs ainsi que d'entretiens approfondis avec les personnes concernées, il examine comment peut progressivement se cimenter l'image d'un dangereux terroriste de l'« EI » et en discute les principaux enseignements qui peuvent en être tirés pour notre compréhension des miscarriages of justice et notre engagement en tant que chercheurs avec le phénomène dit « terroriste ».

In this paper, we shall investigate and study some kinds of ideals in an intuitionistic fuzzy setting, they are called complete intuitionistic fuzzy subalgebra, complete intuitionistic fuzzy ideal, and complete intuitionistic fuzzy ideal. In this study, we have also proposed some hypotheses to explain some of the relationships between these kinds of intuitionistic fuzzy ideals.

Die Strafjustiz wird immer wieder in Frage gestellt: Fur die einen ist sie zu mild, für dieanderen nicht in der Lage, ihre Ziele - wie die Verhütung von Straftaten oder die Resozialisierungder Verurteilten - zu erreichen. Fur andere wiederum ist sie kontraproduktiv,weil sie die Angeklagten eher zur Leugnung als zur Anerkennung ihrer Taten verleitet unddies zum Nachteil der Opfer. Und schliesslich sei sie nicht in der Lage, die Öffentlichkeitzu überzeugen. Ihre Kritiker sind also zahlreich; aber was schlagen sie als Alternativen vor?Wenn man von Alternativen spricht, denkt man heute vor allem an Alternativen zur Freiheitsstrafe.Wenn man jedoch einen Schritt weiter geht, warum sollten nicht auch Alternativenzur Sanktion oder sogar zum Strafrechtssystem als Ganzes in Betracht gezogenwerden? Dann befindet man sich in der Gedankenwelt der alternativen Kriminologien

Stock Market is a dynamic market where the prices vary and it becomes difficult for an investor for predicting the prices considering external factors like factors like political situations, public image on the company according to efficient market hypothesis. Stock market is extremely volatile and ever evolving with constant developments and research in machine learning and deep learning. This paper deals with a comparative analysis between the most commonly used prediction methods such as Linear Regression, LSTM, CNN , both statistical and recursive learning models using tensor flow and machine learning to find the best fit for individual companies based on historical data.

Feminist criminologists were pioneers in highlighting that academics' standpoints (i.e., their social and societal positionalities) influence which "objective" truth they tell. Testimonies, the sharing of one's story, can provide important angles to our understandings of social phenomenon, including of life in the academic sphere. In the present work, we introduce our conceptualization of "inclusive criminology" as a framework for integrating criminological inquiry into a cohesive whole which asserts societies' rights to valid and complete knowledge as requiring inclusion of previously marginalized identities. In response to this requisite, we conduct a review of published testimonial narratives within criminology and criminal justice (CCJ) as well as a sample of works from other social sciences to inform recommendations on how to meet this inclusive aim.