Suchergebnisse

Teacher Mikas Petrauskas (1908?) was the last author having published his books of problems in arithmetic for I-III forms of primary school in Independent Lithuania before the World War Two. As books of problems by other authors of the said period, the books of problems by M. Petrauskas distinguished themselves for expressed integration of arithmetic teaching with the real life of the pupils. The books of problems were used in Lithuania during the World War Two and at schools for children of war refugees in the post-war period at West Germany. M. Petrauskas was the only author that dared to publish reviewed books of problems in post-war Soviet Lithuania. However, the said review was not natural and integration with the real life was engaged considerably in the political aspect. The attempts were ineffective: within 5 years, books of problems by M. Petrauskas were displaced from Lithuanian schools by the ones approved in Moscow and translated from Russian. Keywords: books of problems in arithmetic, primary school, Independent Lithuania before the World War Two and Soviet Lithuania, war refugees from Lithuania in the post-war period, West Germany.

Teacher Mikas Petrauskas (1908?) was the last author having published his books of problems in arithmetic for I-III forms of primary school in Independent Lithuania before the World War Two. As books of problems by other authors of the said period, the books of problems by M. Petrauskas distinguished themselves for expressed integration of arithmetic teaching with the real life of the pupils. The books of problems were used in Lithuania during the World War Two and at schools for children of war refugees in the post-war period at West Germany. M. Petrauskas was the only author that dared to publish reviewed books of problems in post-war Soviet Lithuania. However, the said review was not natural and integration with the real life was engaged considerably in the political aspect. The attempts were ineffective: within 5 years, books of problems by M. Petrauskas were displaced from Lithuanian schools by the ones approved in Moscow and translated from Russian. Keywords: books of problems in arithmetic, primary school, Independent Lithuania before the World War Two and Soviet Lithuania, war refugees from Lithuania in the post-war period, West Germany.

Teacher Mikas Petrauskas (1908?) was the last author having published his books of problems in arithmetic for I-III forms of primary school in Independent Lithuania before the World War Two. As books of problems by other authors of the said period, the books of problems by M. Petrauskas distinguished themselves for expressed integration of arithmetic teaching with the real life of the pupils. The books of problems were used in Lithuania during the World War Two and at schools for children of war refugees in the post-war period at West Germany. M. Petrauskas was the only author that dared to publish reviewed books of problems in post-war Soviet Lithuania. However, the said review was not natural and integration with the real life was engaged considerably in the political aspect. The attempts were ineffective: within 5 years, books of problems by M. Petrauskas were displaced from Lithuanian schools by the ones approved in Moscow and translated from Russian. Keywords: books of problems in arithmetic, primary school, Independent Lithuania before the World War Two and Soviet Lithuania, war refugees from Lithuania in the post-war period, West Germany.

Teacher Mikas Petrauskas (1908?) was the last author having published his books of problems in arithmetic for I-III forms of primary school in Independent Lithuania before the World War Two. As books of problems by other authors of the said period, the books of problems by M. Petrauskas distinguished themselves for expressed integration of arithmetic teaching with the real life of the pupils. The books of problems were used in Lithuania during the World War Two and at schools for children of war refugees in the post-war period at West Germany. M. Petrauskas was the only author that dared to publish reviewed books of problems in post-war Soviet Lithuania. However, the said review was not natural and integration with the real life was engaged considerably in the political aspect. The attempts were ineffective: within 5 years, books of problems by M. Petrauskas were displaced from Lithuanian schools by the ones approved in Moscow and translated from Russian. Keywords: books of problems in arithmetic, primary school, Independent Lithuania before the World War Two and Soviet Lithuania, war refugees from Lithuania in the post-war period, West Germany.

As soon as the Freedom Struggles for independence finished, the Lithuanian Armed Forces began focusing on development of military science. In addition to other sciences, a lot of attention was given to application of mathematics in military arts. In 1922–1940, journal of military science and history "Mūsų žinynas" ("Our Directory") published 87 articles on various applications of mathematics in the Armed Forces. Among these, 28 articles were issued on application of mathematics in military topography, 28 – in artillery, 14 – in weaponry of infantrymen, 14 – in aviation and air defence artillery, and 3 – on use of mathematics for other purposes. The articles were written by 41 known and 3 unknown authors. Among the 41 known authors, there were 39 army officers and 2 civilians. In their work, the majority of authors used methods of elementary mathematics as a base; some authors applied methods of higher mathematics. Almost all of the latter were also lecturing at schools of higher education. In their articles, the majority of the authors built upon the experience of foreign armed forces (Russia and the Western world) and works of famous foreign mathematicians. The fate of authors of the articles was typical to all intelligentsia of the independent Republic of Lithuania in the pre-war period and especially to its most patriotic part – the officers: forced emigration to the West, exile and imprisonment in the East, or struggle and heroic death in the post-war partisan battles. Only very few of the authors had a chance to apply their knowledge in civilian activities, as subsequent to the occupation of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Armed Forces were dismissed and further activities in military arts became impossible.

As soon as the Freedom Struggles for independence finished, the Lithuanian Armed Forces began focusing on development of military science. In addition to other sciences, a lot of attention was given to application of mathematics in military arts. In 1922–1940, journal of military science and history "Mūsų žinynas" ("Our Directory") published 87 articles on various applications of mathematics in the Armed Forces. Among these, 28 articles were issued on application of mathematics in military topography, 28 – in artillery, 14 – in weaponry of infantrymen, 14 – in aviation and air defence artillery, and 3 – on use of mathematics for other purposes. The articles were written by 41 known and 3 unknown authors. Among the 41 known authors, there were 39 army officers and 2 civilians. In their work, the majority of authors used methods of elementary mathematics as a base; some authors applied methods of higher mathematics. Almost all of the latter were also lecturing at schools of higher education. In their articles, the majority of the authors built upon the experience of foreign armed forces (Russia and the Western world) and works of famous foreign mathematicians. The fate of authors of the articles was typical to all intelligentsia of the independent Republic of Lithuania in the pre-war period and especially to its most patriotic part – the officers: forced emigration to the West, exile and imprisonment in the East, or struggle and heroic death in the post-war partisan battles. Only very few of the authors had a chance to apply their knowledge in civilian activities, as subsequent to the occupation of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Armed Forces were dismissed and further activities in military arts became impossible.

As soon as the Freedom Struggles for independence finished, the Lithuanian Armed Forces began focusing on development of military science. In addition to other sciences, a lot of attention was given to application of mathematics in military arts. In 1922–1940, journal of military science and history "Mūsų žinynas" ("Our Directory") published 87 articles on various applications of mathematics in the Armed Forces. Among these, 28 articles were issued on application of mathematics in military topography, 28 – in artillery, 14 – in weaponry of infantrymen, 14 – in aviation and air defence artillery, and 3 – on use of mathematics for other purposes. The articles were written by 41 known and 3 unknown authors. Among the 41 known authors, there were 39 army officers and 2 civilians. In their work, the majority of authors used methods of elementary mathematics as a base; some authors applied methods of higher mathematics. Almost all of the latter were also lecturing at schools of higher education. In their articles, the majority of the authors built upon the experience of foreign armed forces (Russia and the Western world) and works of famous foreign mathematicians. The fate of authors of the articles was typical to all intelligentsia of the independent Republic of Lithuania in the pre-war period and especially to its most patriotic part – the officers: forced emigration to the West, exile and imprisonment in the East, or struggle and heroic death in the post-war partisan battles. Only very few of the authors had a chance to apply their knowledge in civilian activities, as subsequent to the occupation of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Armed Forces were dismissed and further activities in military arts became impossible.

As soon as the Freedom Struggles for independence finished, the Lithuanian Armed Forces began focusing on development of military science. In addition to other sciences, a lot of attention was given to application of mathematics in military arts. In 1922–1940, journal of military science and history "Mūsų žinynas" ("Our Directory") published 87 articles on various applications of mathematics in the Armed Forces. Among these, 28 articles were issued on application of mathematics in military topography, 28 – in artillery, 14 – in weaponry of infantrymen, 14 – in aviation and air defence artillery, and 3 – on use of mathematics for other purposes. The articles were written by 41 known and 3 unknown authors. Among the 41 known authors, there were 39 army officers and 2 civilians. In their work, the majority of authors used methods of elementary mathematics as a base; some authors applied methods of higher mathematics. Almost all of the latter were also lecturing at schools of higher education. In their articles, the majority of the authors built upon the experience of foreign armed forces (Russia and the Western world) and works of famous foreign mathematicians. The fate of authors of the articles was typical to all intelligentsia of the independent Republic of Lithuania in the pre-war period and especially to its most patriotic part – the officers: forced emigration to the West, exile and imprisonment in the East, or struggle and heroic death in the post-war partisan battles. Only very few of the authors had a chance to apply their knowledge in civilian activities, as subsequent to the occupation of Lithuania, the Lithuanian Armed Forces were dismissed and further activities in military arts became impossible.