Suchergebnisse

Introduction -- Social learning at the international level -- Environmental principles as abstract or open-textured norms -- Abstract and open-texted norms and social learning -- The function and role of environmental principles -- Power, environmental principles and the International Court of Justice -- The global compact, environmental principles and culture -- Arguments, bargains and the disposal of carbon dioxide at sea -- Global governance of the environment : the role and function of environmental principles in changing international law and politics

"After the Muslim conquest of Iran in the 7th century, devoted Zoroastrians emigrated to India, where the growing community came to be known as Parsis. This Parsi settlement had increasingly little contact with Iran over the succeeding centuries until the 19th century, when a romanticized notion of their ancestral homeland led them to reestablish contact with Iran and the remaining Zoroastrians there. The Parsis had thrived under British rule of India and so they were able to strengthen their ties to Iran with philanthropic work. Meanwhile, Iranians were coming to romanticize their own ancient history and saw the Parsis as a living embodiment of this history. The Iranian neo-classicism of the 20th century that helped to establish a sense of Iranian national identity is usually ascribed to European contact, but Marashi argues that this growing relationship with the Parsi community was an important element that influenced the development of modern-day Iran"--

Exploring the management of 'truth' in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, this book aims to investigate the ways in which the official 'truth' is constructed and institutionalised in the country. The Politics of Truth Management in Saudi Arabia argues that there are two interrelated notions which articulate the ways in which 'truth' is conceptualised in Islam. One, at macro level, constitutes the trans-historical foundational principles of the religion, a set of engrained beliefs, which establish the 'finality', and 'oneness' of Islam in relation to other competing narratives.

Introduction -- Staging the nation : city, ceremony, and legitimation in late Qajar Iran -- Nationalizing pre-Islamic Iran : the return of the archaic and the authentication of modernity -- The pedagogic state : education and nationalism under Reza Shah -- Nation and memory : commemorations and the construction of national memory under Reza Shah -- Conclusion

AbstractThis article investigates the history of economic relations between Iran and the Parsi community of India during the Reza Shah period. Encouraged by the policies of the new Pahlavi state, Parsi entrepreneurs began a serious effort to investigate the possibilities of economic investment in Iran. The article details three Parsi economic missions that were conducted in Iran during this period, and analyzes their assessments of Iran's potential for development in fields such as energy, textile manufacturing, commercial agriculture, and modern transportation systems. As the article argues, while these Parsi-led initiatives were part of a larger history of renewed engagement between Parsis and Iranians, for a variety of political and economic reasons, by the outbreak of World War II few of the Parsi plans for investment in Iran had come to fruition. While remaining largely forestalled in the interwar period, the article also suggests that Parsi economic assessments foreshadowed many of the planning strategies carried out in Iran's post–World War II history of economic development.

Successful modeling of hydro-environmental processes widely relies on quantity and quality of accessible data and noisy data might effect on the functioning of the modeling. On the other hand in training phase of any Artificial Intelligence (AI) based model, each training data set is usually a limited sample of possible patterns of the process and hence, might not show the behavior of whole population. Accordingly in the present article first, wavelet-based denoising method was used in order to smooth hydrological time series and then small normally distributed noises with the mean of zero and various standard deviations were generated and added to the smoothed time series to form different denoised-jittered training data sets, for Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) modeling of daily rainfall – runoff process of the Oconee River watershed located in USA. To evaluate the modeling performance, the outcomes were compared with the results of multi linear regression (MLR) and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. Comparing the achieved results via the trained ANN and ANFIS models using denoised-jittered data showed that the proposed data processing approach which serves both denoising and jittering techniques could improve performance of the ANN and ANFIS based rainfall-runoff modeling of the Oconee River Watershed up to 13% and 11% in the verification phase.