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El presente ensayo se propone confrontar los aportes más característicos del pensamiento y acción pastoral de Mons. Sanabria en el marco de la Iglesia costarricense, preocupada por los graves problemas del hombre y de la sociedad actual. Democracia con justicia solidaria e inclusividad social son pilares de su pensamiento y fermento de toda actual y futura renovación teológica y política.

El presente ensayo se propone confrontar los aportes más característicos del pensamiento y acción pastoral de Mons. Sanabria en el marco de la Iglesia costarricense, preocupada por los graves problemas del hombre y de la sociedad actual. Democracia con justicia solidaria e inclusividad social son pilares de su pensamiento y fermento de toda actual y futura renovación teológica y política.

Cereals can be contaminated by several mycotoxins, whose co-presence may represent an undervalued risk for humans and animals. Maize and wheat are the most contaminated cereals and in temperate areas could be affected in field conditions by several Fusarium and Aspergillus infections. To date, only B-fumonisins (FBs), aflatoxins (AFs), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 and HT-2 toxins have been regulated in cereals in European Union. The other fungal metabolites, are commonly referred to as "emerging" and "masked" mycotoxins, and more information on their occurrence in combination with the regulated mycotoxins, are needed to design combined toxicological and exposure assessments. This research intends to develop and compare two multiresidue HPLC-ESI-TQ-MS/MS methods for the simultaneous determination of the main regulated, emerging and masked mycotoxins in maize and wheat, among which: FB(1), FB(2), DON, ZEA, AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), AFG(2), moniliformin (MON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3-G), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV), enniatins A, A(1), B, B(1) (ENNA, ENNA(1), ENNB, ENNB(1)). The extraction was performed for both methods using a mixture of CH(3)CN/H(2)O/CH(3)COOH (79/20/1, v/v/v), while the dilution/purification was carried out through two different procedures: (1) by the "dilute-and-shoot" technique diluting 1:2 the filtered extract with CH(3)CN/H(2)O/CH(3)COOH (20/79/1, v/v/v) to reduce the matrix effect; (2) using the Oasis(®) PRiME HLB clean-up columns. The analysis was carried out using CH(3)OH and H(2)O both acidified with 0.1% of CH(3)COOH as eluents. The injection volume was 20 μL and the flow rate 200 μL min(-1). The analysis of two reference material (maize and wheat), was performed to evaluate the trueness and precision of the two methods by matrix-matched calibration curves. For all the regulated mycotoxins analyzed by both methods, the range of recovery percentage established by the Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006 was ...

Introduction. The Cuban government has attached importance to the national production of chickpea, with the purpose of substituting imports, meeting market demands and contributing to food security and sovereignty.Objective. To present the contributions of the agro-diversity fairs in the selection of new chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes in western Cuba. Materials and methods. The work was developed during the period 2000-2018. The selection of chickpea materials from six nurseries introduced by the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (INCA) from the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) and nine commercialvarieties donated by the Institute for Fundamental Research in Tropical Agriculture (INIFAT) were analyzed. They were planted in three locations in the western region of Cuba. Agro-diversity fairs were held to select the genotypes with the best agricultural production performance. Results. The comparison between the international nurseries did not show significant agro- productive differences between them. The variables with the greatest weight in the agroproductive characterization were: days to maturation, days to flowering, number of branches, plant height, and yield. The largest number of genotypes selected in the agro-diversity fairs corresponded to the Elite International nursery for Latin American. The average yield of the selected materials was above 1.00 t ha-1. Conclusions. The holding of chickpea agro-diversity fairs has provided 17 new materials with suitable productive and culinary behavior and adaptability to the edaphoclimatic conditions of different locations in western Cuba. ; Introducción. El gobierno cubano, le ha concedido importancia a la producción nacional de garbanzo, con el propósito de sustituir importaciones, satisfacer las demandas del mercado y contribuir a la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria. Objetivo. Presentar los aportes de las ferias de agrodiversidad en la selección de nuevos genotipos de garbanzo (Cicer arietinum) en el occidente de Cuba. Materiales y métodos. El trabajo se desarrolló durante el periodo 2000-2018. Se analizó la selección de materiales de garbanzo de seis viveros introducidos por el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas (INCA) desde el Centro Internacional para Investigaciones Agrícolas en Zonas Áridas (ICARDA) y nueve variedades comerciales donadas por el Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical (INIFAT). Se sembraron en tres localidades de la región occidental de Cuba. Se realizaron ferias de diversidad para efectuar la selección de los genotipos con mejor comportamiento agroproductivo. Resultados. La comparación entre los viveros internacionales no mostró diferencias agroproductivas significativas entre ellos. Las variables de mayor peso en la caracterización agroproductiva fueron: días a maduración, días a floración, número de ramas, altura de las plantas y rendimiento. La mayor cantidad de genotipos seleccionados en las ferias de agrodiversidad correspondieron al vivero Élite Internacional para América Latina. El rendimiento promedio de los materiales seleccionados estuvo por encima de 1,00 t ha-1. Conclusiones. La realización de ferias de agrodiversidad de garbanzo, ha aportado diecisiete nuevos materiales con idóneo comportamiento productivo, culinario y adaptabilidad a las condiciones edafoclimáticas de diferentes localidades del occidente de Cuba.

El avance mostrado en la Educación a Distancia Virtual en las Instituciones de Educación Superior del Consejo Nacional de Universidades requiere de los docentes competencias para la innovación educativa en esta modalidad. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar un diagnóstico de hallazgos que justifique la formación continua para el fortalecimiento de competencias de innovación educativa virtual. Esto, con la intención de documentar los requerimientos de formación continua de los docentes que justifique la pertinencia de un programa de Maestría de Innovación Educativa virtual en el Programa Universidad Abierta en Línea de Nicaragua del Consejo Nacional de Universidades. En este diagnóstico se aplicó un formulario virtual de evaluación diagnóstica a una muestra de 633 docentes, mediante la herramienta Google Forms. Los resultados del estudio mostraron información general de los docentes, con edades entre 35 y 40 años con nivel de posgrados; el 73.8 % cuenta con equipos de cómputo, principalmente Laptop; conexión a Internet; participan en investigaciones y publicaciones, en grupos de investigación; tienen interés en realizar estudios de posgrado, pues es la modalidad y metodología que mejor se ajusta a ellos. Los docentes poseen interés para realizar estudios en la modalidad virtual, ya que cumplen con los requisitos básicos para iniciar un programa de maestría virtual. Del mismo modo, también demandan la oportunidad de realizar investigaciones en temas de innovación tecnológica y educativa.

The research leading to these results received funding from thePeople Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the EuropeanUnion's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/underREA grant agreement n°607785. E.F.P. had financial supportfrom the Government of Asturias and the FP7–Marie Curie -COFUND programme of the European Commission (Grants'Clar ın' ACA14-19 and ACB17-19). The Royal BotanicGardens, Kew, receives grant-in-aid from Defra. The Micro-CTscanner was funded by the Oxford BHF Centre for ResearchExcellence (RE/08/004).

Funding Information European Union's Seventh Framework Programme. Grant Number: FP7/2007‐2013/ REA. Grant Number: 607785 Government of Asturias European Commission. Grant Numbers: ACA14‐19, ACB17‐19 Oxford BHF Centre for Research Excellence. Grant Number: RE/08/004 ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF

The main research presented received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under REA grant agreement nº07785. E.F.P. had the financial support of the Government of Asturias and the FP7 – Marie Curie - COFUND programme of the European Commission (Grants 'Clarín' ACA14-19 and ACB17-19).

Telemedicine allows for the effective delivery of health care to patients at a distance through the application of information technology to the field of medicine. This is optimal during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce interpersonal contact to mitigate contagion. Among the possible Telemedicine applications, there is Telesurgery, which involves more and more surgical specialties thanks to the numerous benefits in quality and cost containment. In the growing field of Telesurgery, its technical and legal implications must be considered. In this study, a traditional review of the scientific literature was carried out to identify the most relevant issues of interest in Telesurgery. The problematic legal aspects identified are mainly related to the difference in legislation between different geographical areas, which is critical in the case of malpractice. In addition, there is the possibility of a malicious hacker attack on the transmitted data stream either to steal sensitive data or to harm the patient. Finally, there are inherent difficulties with the technology used, such as latency issues in data transmission. All these critical issues are currently not adequately addressed by current legislation. Therefore, one can only hope for a legislative action to allow Telesurgery to be used safely.

Driving under the influence of alcohol has been shown to increase the risk of involvement in road traffic collisions (RTCs) however, less is known about the effects of illicit drugs, and a clear correlation between drug concentrations and RTC risk is still debated. The goal of this narrative review is to assess the current literature regarding the most detected psychoactive drugs in RTC (ethanol, amphetamines, cannabis, opioids and cocaine), in relation to driving performance. Evidence on impaired driving due to psychoactive substances, forensic issues relating to the assessment of the impact of drugs, blood cut-off values proposed to date as well as scientific basis for proposed legislative limits are discussed. At present there is no unequivocal evidence demonstrating a clear dose/concentration dependent impairment in many substances. Per se and zero tolerance approaches seem to have negative effect on drugged driving fatalities. However, the weight of these approaches needs further investigation.