Suchergebnisse

Protection of children without parental care and choosing the forms through
which it is implemented makes a very delicate task. Professional bodies and
persons in the area of the child care, in addition to expertise and
professionalism, must have ability to adequately assess all the circumstances
of each case and participants in it. Adoption is considered the best way to
provide the child growing up in a family environment, because, as opposed to
foster care and guardianship, it is characterized by durability. Adoption
provides the child growing up in family and domestic environment. This right
of the child is recognized in international law and comparative legislation
and its implementation is not a matter of good will of the state and
potential individuals (e.g., adoptive parents). However, the question is
whether in the process of adoption and later in life, one of the fundamental
rights of every man, the right of the child to know his or her origin, is
violated. This is exactly the bone of contention between supporters of closed
and open procedures. Comparative analysis of the solutions and decisions of
the European Court of Human Rights in the area will try to answer to the
question whether the prevailing concept of closed adoption provides complete
protection of all rights of the child or the protection of certain rights is
done at the expense of violation of others.

RESUMO Este artigo trata das adolescências, no plural, como construção histórico-social de um processo dinâmico, e do adolescente perante seus modos de vida e expressão em um contexto histórico-social e singular. Entende-se aqui que ações meramente prescritivas são insuficientes para responder às complexidades dos processos de adoecimento mental na sociedade contemporânea. Objetivou-se compreender o contexto das práticas de cuidado em saúde ao adolescente em vulnerabilidade, diante do uso de drogas, na dimensão das tensões dos campos de práticas do cuidado em saúde. Estudo descritivo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, que realizou entrevistas com profissionais da área da saúde (Unidade Básica de Saúde e Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infantojuvenil). Destacam-se as tensões no campo de práticas entre o modelo assistencial biomédico e de guerra às drogas versus o psicossocial/comunitário; redução de estigma; acesso; redução de danos e nos atendimentos individuais, bem como a importância de refletir e fomentar o processo de mudança da mentalidade diante do adoecimento mental, visando atualizar as formas de cuidar. Esse processo tem sido realizado conforme os princípios da Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira, com avanços e retrocessos que repercutem na atualização das práticas de cuidado em saúde mais alinhadas às propostas de ações psicossociais e redutoras de vulnerabilidade.

ABSTRACT This article deals with adolescences, in the plural, as a socio-historical construction of a dynamic process and with the experience of adolescents with their lifestyle and self-expression in a unique socio-historical context. It assumes that purely prescriptive measures are insufficient to address the complexity of mental illness processes in contemporary society. This study aims to understand the context of health care practices for vulnerable youth, particularly those involved in substance use, through the lens of tensions in health practice domains. This is an exploratory, descriptive study using a qualitative approach, with interviews conducted with health professionals (in Basic Health Unit and Psychosocial Care Center for Children and Adolescents). The study highlights the tensions within health practice between the biomedical model and the war on drugs and a community-based psychosocial approach; it underlines the need for reducing stigmatization, improving access, harm reduction, and individualized care. It also emphasizes the importance of considering and promoting a shift in mentality towards mental illness in order to develop care strategies. This process was carried out in line with the principles of the Brazilian Mental Health Reform, with advances and setbacks that affect the updating of health practices, which are more oriented towards proposals for psychosocial and vulnerability-reducing actions.

Objectives: To review attributes of civic engagement in multisectoral nutrition governance systems and to provide recommendations to increase CSO participation. Methods: We reviewed 7 national case studies of Civil Society Networks involved with the Scaling Up Nutrition movement and characterized 6 functional attributes of CSOs in multisectoral nutrition governance: identify needs of all community members, mobilize and build civic capacity, advocate for political commitments, inform program design and evaluation, ensure accountability mechanisms in public institutions, and report challenges and successes using broad media campaigns. Results: All studies described government agencies involved with multisectoral nutrition governance systems, at national and subnational levels; however, there was limited evidence of subnational platforms for CSO engagement. Although countries increased investments in public institutions for nutrition, it was unclear whether nutrition service quality improved and none reported corresponding investments in civil society.

An enabling environment for malnutrition reduction includes creating policy and political momentum, and converting momentum to implementation and impact. We used several qualitative data sources to investigate changes in policy and action over time in Zambia. There now exists coherent policy covering key nutrition issues from several sectors, and multisectoral coordination structures at national level and in pilot districts. However, converting momentum into action faces challenges of limited national political and funding commitment, with increased donor resources currently bridging the gap, and reach into communities is still limited. To sustain recent stunting reductions there are still political challenges to be addressed in Zambia, and citizens and civil society will need to hold government to account for recent commitments on nutrition.

AbstractHypotheses regarding positive versus negative assortment, initial assortment versus convergence, and active assortment versus social homogamy were tested on a sample of 100 heterosexual dating couples using variable‐ and couple‐centered approaches. A modest to moderate degree of positive assortment was found for all Dark Triad measures, the highest for Machiavellianism, followed by psychopathy and narcissism. Structural modeling also showed a moderate degree of positive assortment for men's and women's latent Dark Triad constructs. Results supported the initial assortment hypothesis, meaning that couples were already similar in the Dark Triad traits at the beginning of the relationship and did not converge over time. Additionally, similarity was not due to background variables such as age and education (i.e., social homogamy), thus supporting the active assortment hypothesis.

Over the last 2 decades, many African countries have undergone dietary and nutrition transitions fueled by globalization, rapid urbanization, and development. These changes have altered African food environments and, subsequently, dietary behaviors, including food acquisition and consumption. Dietary patterns associated with the nutrition transition have contributed to Africa's complex burden of malnutrition—obesity and other diet-related noncommunicable diseases (DR-NCDs)—along with persistent food insecurity and undernutrition. Available evidence links unhealthy or obesogenic food environments (including those that market and offer energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages) with suboptimal diets and associated adverse health outcomes. Elsewhere, governments have responded with policies to improve food environments. However, in Africa, the necessary research and policy action have received insufficient attention. Contextual evidence to motivate, enable, and create supportive food environments in Africa for better population health is urgently needed. In November 2020, the Measurement, Evaluation, Accountability, and Leadership Support for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Project (MEALS4NCDs) convened the first Africa Food Environment Research Network Meeting (FERN2020). This 3-d virtual meeting brought researchers from around the world to deliberate on future directions and research priorities related to improving food environments and nutrition across the African continent. The stakeholders shared experiences, best practices, challenges, and opportunities for improving the healthfulness of food environments and related policies in low- and middle-income countries. In this article, we summarize the proceedings and research priorities identified in the meeting to advance the food environment research agenda in Africa, and thus contribute to the promotion of healthier food environments to prevent DR-NCDs, and other forms of malnutrition. ; PR ; IFPRI3; ISI; CRP4 ; A4NH ; CGIAR Research Program on ...

Undernutrition among women and children contributes to almost half the global burden of child mortality in developing countries. The impact of nutrition on economic development has highlighted the need for evidence-based solutions and yielded substantial global momentum. However, it is now recognized that the impact of evidence-based interventions is limited by the lack of evidence on the best operational strategies for scaling up nutrition interventions. With the goal of encouraging greater engagement in implementation research in nutrition and generating evidence on implementation and utilization of nutrition interventions, this paper brings together a framework and a broad analysis of literature to frame and highlight the crucial importance of research on the delivery and utilization of nutrition interventions. The paper draws on the deliberations of a high-level working group, an e-consultation, a conference, and the published literature. It proposes a framework and areas of research that have been quite neglected, and yet are critical to better understanding through careful research to enable better translation of global and national political momentum for nutrition into public health impact. ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12447 ; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12447/abstract

Undernutrition among women and children contributes to almost half the global burden of child mortality in developing countries. The impact of nutrition on economic development has highlighted the need for evidence-based solutions and yielded substantial global momentum. However, it is now recognized that the impact of evidence-based interventions is limited by the lack of evidence on the best operational strategies for scaling up nutrition interventions. With the goal of encouraging greater engagement in implementation research in nutrition and generating evidence on implementation and utilization of nutrition interventions, this paper brings together a framework and a broad analysis of literature to frame and highlight the crucial importance of research on the delivery and utilization of nutrition interventions. The paper draws on the deliberations of a high-level working group, an e-consultation, a conference, and the published literature. It proposes a framework and areas of research that have been quite neglected, and yet are critical to better understanding through careful research to enable better translation of global and national political momentum for nutrition into public health impact.

OBJECTIVES: Despite much nutrition research conducted in Ethiopia, none has described existing opportunities for synergy or possible missed opportunities to use research to inform policy and program decisions to foster accelerated progress. The study aimed to describe prevailing processes on evidence use in formulating nutrition policy and program decisions and identify potential barriers and opportunities for evidence-based decision-making for nutrition for Ethiopia's context. METHODS: In 2017, 29 purposively selected key informants (KIs) were interviewed. They were identified using a consultative stakeholder mapping workshop and represented National Nutrition Program coordinators, key actors in government sectors, program coordinators from selected local and international NGOs, local and international universities and research institutes involved in nutrition research and key actors in policy decision-making. A framework analysis including identifying themes, coding, indexing, charting, mapping and interpretation was used. A validation workshop discussed findings and added perspectives to interpretation. RESULTS: The KIs perceived that demand for evidence from the Ethiopian government had been increasing over time. Majority referred to poor research quality as a barrier for using research in decision-making processes. Other challenges identified included limited cross-linkage, coordination gaps between researchers and decision makers, and inadequate translation of research evidence into meaningful information for policy makers. Availability of different forums, research dissemination conferences and suitable institutional structures that enable research and evidence dissemination were considered to be opportunities that should be leveraged to inform policy making. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of research, and of collaborative engagement between those who produce evidence and decision makers who formulate policies need to be strengthened. Regular evidence dissemination events and publication of action oriented easy ...

THE CALLS FOR strong leadership in the fight against global and national malnutrition have multiplied during the past decade. The role of nutrition champions in advocating for nutrition, formulating policies, and coordinating and implementing action in nutrition have increasingly been recognized in such countries as Peru, Brazil, Thailand, and the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. Global initiatives such as the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement, the African Nutrition Leadership Programme, and the European Nutrition Leadership Platform have invested in building up capacity for leadership among national governments, civil society, and the private sector. The World Public Health Nutrition Association's guide on competencies needed to build up the workforce in global public health nutrition identified leadership as key. More widely, leadership within the field of public health has been highlighted as key to moving child or maternal health higher up on the global agenda and tackling critical issues such as HIV and AIDS at the national and community levels. ; PR ; IFPRI1; Transform Nutrition; compact2025; F Strengthening institutions and governance; B Promoting healthy food systems; Stories of Change in Nutrition ; DGO; PHND; A4NH ; CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

While dietary energy supply has improved, diets in Ethiopia remain low in diversity and provide insufficient amounts of protein, vitamin A, and zinc. Poor dietary quality contributes to the multiple burden of malnutrition in the country, with 38% stunting among children under five years and 24% anemia and 8% overweight among adult women. Recent Ethiopian government policies and programs call for sustainable food systems approaches aimed at achieving better nutrition for all. Such food systems approaches imply actions that include but also go beyond agriculture to consider the many processes and actors involved in food production, processing, storage, transportation, trade, transformation, retailing, and consumption. In this paper, we identify research streams to support the operationalizing of such food systems approaches in Ethiopia. To this end, we engaged with stakeholders, reviewed the literature, and applied a food systems framework to research priorities in the Ethiopian context. We develop an initial food systems profile of Ethiopia and identify 25 priority research questions, categorized into three main areas. A first area focuses on diagnosis and foresight research, for example, to further characterize dietary gaps and transitions in the context of the variety of Ethiopian settings, and to understand and anticipate which food system dynamics contribute positively or negatively to those trends. A second area includes implementation research and focuses on building a base of evidence on the dietary impact of combined demand-, market-, and supply-side interventions/innovations that focus on nonstaples; potential trade-offs in terms of economic, social, and environmental outcomes; and interactions between food system actors. A third area focuses on institutional and policy processes and explores enabling factors and private or public anchors that can take food systems approaches for healthier diets to a regional or national scale. The paper contextualizes the case of Ethiopia within global food systems thinking and thereby aims to stimulate in- and cross-country learning.