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Over the past five decades, female education attainment has significantly increased in Spain. At the same time, preferences have changed considerably with regard to the role of women in the labor market and in the family. This fact has had a major impact on young women's decisions: A delay in their entry in the labor market, union formation, and fertility decisions, together with a higher level of persistence in participation once in the labor market. The aim of this article is to analyze the variables that influence fertility and employment decisions in Spain. To carry out the analysis, we use the Fertility, Family, and Values Survey 2006. The decisions are estimated simultaneously through a bivariate probit model and are shown to be interdependent. Women from more recent cohorts and the more educated ones spend more time in employment and postpone motherhood more than women from earlier cohorts and less educated women.

This paper analyses the impact of Spanish proficiency on first generation immigrants' employment outcomes, based on the Spanish Labour Force Survey 2014 ad hoc module on "labour market situation of migrants and their immediate descendants". Proficiency in Spanish enhances immigrants' employability, particularly for immigrants from non-Spanish-speaking countries, as well as on occupation prestige, measured via ISEI (International Socio-Economic Index). This latter result is often less clear because of occupational segregation in the Spanish labour market amongst workers from different regions of the world, but it turns significant when endogeneity in language skills is taken into account via simultaneous equation models.

Este texto presenta la medición del trabajo decente en México durante el periodo 2005-2019, usando un índice multidimensional que engloba aspectos salariales (salario digno) y no salariales (derechos), al tiempo que se analiza su relación con el entorno económico y la apertura al exterior. Haciendo uso de la estructura jerárquica de la base de datos contenida en la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE), se estima un modelo multinivel en el que se indica una relación positiva entre el trabajo decente, y las ramas productivas con mayor inversión extranjera directa, así como con las entidades federativas con mayor peso de las exportaciones respecto a su PIB. También se identifica la relación entre éste y la heterogeneidad en las características sociodemográficas del trabajador y aspectos relacionados con su entorno sectorial y estatal.