Suchergebnisse

In article historical aspects and a current state of system of mutual relation of the state and the citizen are analyzed. The novelty of the author's approach consists in demonstrating the cyclic process: from civil paternalism to a social contract society and neopaternalism. The basic models of social support based on the degree of state intervention in the life of civil society and citizens are developed. A substantiated conclusion about necessity of social support not only not protected social groups, but all citizens of the state, transition from vertical to the horizontal social contract. Features of a formed Russian neopaternalism, its inconsistent character are specified. Necessity of forming of new system of mutual relations of the state and its citizens, based on trust and mutual responsibility of the parties is underlined.

Metaphor is analyzed as means of strengthening of pragmatic potential of English political discourse. Pragmatic and cognitive aspects of choice and transformation of metaphors from sport, game and military sphere at solving political aims are highlighted. Examples of political metaphors are given with their historical, political and culturological connotations. ; Метафора рассматривается как средство усиления прагматического потенциала английского политического дискурса. Освещаются прагма-когнитивные аспекты выбора и трансформации метафор из спортивной, игровой и военной сфер при решении политических задач. Приводятся примеры политических метафор в их исторической и политико-культурологической коннотации.

The article presents the analysis of economic behavior of wood sector enterprises of Karelia Republic during transition to market. Findings show that the absence of adequate institutional conditions has set many enterprises on the brink of survival. The influence of formal institutions is essentially leveled by inefficient informal actions. Examples of positive changes testify not so much that the formation of effective institutions is taking place, as about the degree of adaptation of successful enterprises while using all favorable external factors. The analysis is based on data of long-term economic and sociological surveys of Karelia forest territories.

This article gives an account of approach to design of sustainable regional development concept and presents the results of its usage on the Kronshtadt example. In the today's world most of the regions are faced with a crucially important task, which is to take the way of sustainable development. There is a number of instruments, which could be successfully used in sustainable regional development concept design. One of then is a usage of experience of development of territories with similar socio-economic characteristics taken as a single whole. First of all, usage of this instrument allows to reveal economic industries that have been effectively developing in regions with similar characteristics and in the close economic conditions. Secondly, it allows to analyze measures that were taken to develop those industries and appraise their efficiency. This instrument gives an opportunity to ?learn by other people's mistakes'. At the same time it requires to take into account internal conditions and the law-governed nature of the investigated region. Usage of this instrument could be demonstrated on Kronshtadt example. Kronshtadt is a town situated on the Kotlin Island in the Gulf of Finland, and presents an administrative district and municipal district of Saint-Petersburg. As the main socio-economic characteristics of the region were selected the following: -island territory; -favorable geographic position on the intersection of the sea and tourist routes; -naval dockyard and naval base town which lost its historic role and majority of government investments as the Cold War came to an end. The following regions were classified as territories similar to Kronshtadt according to socio-economic characteristics taken as a single whole: Kaliningrad region, Russia; Gibraltar island, Great Britain (one of the most important naval bases of Great Britain and key strong point of NATO at the Cold War time); Malta island (former English colony) and such historic naval dockyard and maritime towns as Medway/Chatham, Great Britain; Portsmouth, Great Britain; Rochefort, France; San-Fernando, Spain; Suomenlinna, Finland; Karlskrona, Sweden. The experience of development of these territories was systematized in the following directions: -most effectively developing economic industries; -projects that were financed by regional or federal government investments; -measures that were taken to attract commercial investments; -rules that were accepted to transfer the property rights on naval dockyards; -socio-economic effect from the implementation of the development programs. This article presents the results of the conducted research and provides recommendations for Kronshtadt sustainable development.

This is an article on the dynamics and specifics of people's self-evaluation of the respect they receive from others, based on data from the "Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS–HSE)" (1994–2020). It shows that in recent years the dynamics of respect self-assessments have become somewhat shaky as opposed to them having been positive for quite a long period of time. In the minds of Russian people respect is rather vaguely linked to evaluation of financial status and possession of power. However there is a marked connection between where people place themselves on the scale of respect on one hand and such closely tied and unilateral components as tolerance and trust on the other. The influence of specific, personified interpersonal trust on the self-evaluations that were subject to analysis is more pronounced than that of general trust, which is still pretty low in Russian society. Association with the type of people who are generally respected by society depends more on one's professional, civic and national identity than on political affiliation. Scores on the respect scale improve when a person partakes in work activity and has a positive outlook on their own professional qualities and achievements. People's evaluation of how respected they are is boosted by professional growth and diminished by elevated anxiety on account of possibly becoming unemployed or facing difficulties trying to find a job, and in conditions of economic instability and uncertainty.

The article aims at examining the issue which is both urgent and in demand in scientific space and social life: at digitalization and informatization of all spheres of modern society and, above all, in the economic sphere. In fact, digital transformations of the modern world are reflected both in the activities of businesses and in value creation processes, as the latter demands an improvement in tax policy, because the previous systems did not take into account the factor of digital commerce, thus causing the reduction of tax revenues in the budget. The main objective of the research is to analyze the specific traits of the digital transformation of Latin America economies in order to identify the features of their adjustment to the environment in order to improve the VAT collection systems. For its implementation, a systematization of the main characteristics of the digital economy was carried out noted by the OECD as urgent challenges to national fiscal systems. Among them, a special place is occupied by mobility, the development of multilateral business models, which have an impact both on the economy of the whole world in general and on Latin America in particular. The study has found that, despite a significant increase in the percentage of digital goods in total GDP, only five countries in the region, Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru and Uruguay, have made legal changes on the issue under consideration. Besides, their different visions and some approaches to solving the problem of taxation were considered, main differences were identified, which include a definition of the digital goods and services, as well as the chosen methods of tax collection, each of them having their advantages and disadvantages. The authors explore the issue of VAT, based on the classification of the principles for applying this tax presented by the OECD – by place of origin or by purpose – since these aspects are of the utmost importance in the restructuring of national fiscal systems to the realities of the digital economy. This criterion contributed to the identification of the main models of reform, followed by highlighting their strengths and shortcomings. The chosen multifaceted analytical prism of the digital economy and the problems of taxation in the states of Latin America forms the novelty of the study, actualizing the need for the simultaneous application of various methodological approaches that identify problem areas and prove that within new standards of the digital economy there occur lots of problems, and a systematic approach to them requires further research.

This article is devoted to analyzing the current issues, specifics and dynamics of professional self-identification in post-Soviet Russia. Analysis is based on data from the "Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey" (RLMS–HSE). We see that in an unstable society subject to crisis professional self-identification remains to be one of the most reliable and stable components of social self-identification. Professional status, current job, the latter's substance and social significance for many Russian citizens turn out to be the primary criteria that define their place in the status hierarchy. Just like twenty years ago, professional identity is one of the most common and important basic identities. It is closely correlated with age and education, much more so than most other identities. Meanwhile in a time of uncertainty due to crisis, an increasing diversity of professional activities is accompanied by ever more vague identification benchmarks. A growing number of workers encounter serious difficulties when searching for their own identity. Often times even within a single small professional group self-identification can bear various meanings for its members. A noticeable, though not very pronounced positive connection was identified between professional identity and satisfaction with labor, as well as certain aspects such as working conditions, opportunities for professional growth, relations within the team. Some marked positive tendencies of the last two decades include improvements in self-assessments of professional aptitude among those who are engaged in labor demanding high or average qualification.