Suchergebnisse

Within the framework of the international debate focusing on experiences emerg- ing from cities in the global North, this paper aims to explore urban food policies under the lens of a global South perspective, paying particular attention to African cities and taking into account the common elements they present –compared with other urban contexts and terri- tories – but also the speci cities with respect to the process of urbanization and the linkages existing amongst cities and food. Under this light, urban food policies in an African context are also placed, on the one side, into a path speci ed by a number of keywords such as food and nutrition security, self-suf ciency and food sovereignty; on the other, they are positioned in a context of internationalization of re ections and actions culminated in the New Urban Agenda and the Milan Urban Food Policy Pact. The prospect of urban food policies is nally presented as an inspiring and propelling opportunity for new forms of territorial partnerships.

Il contributo affronta il tema delle politiche urbane del cibo con particolare riferimento alle città dell'Africa sub-sahariana. Le politiche urbane del cibo sono azioni istituzionali di crescente importanza volte a costruire sistemi agro-alimentari più sostenibili nelle città contemporanee, attraverso strategie intersettoriali (pianificazione urbana, tutela ambientale, gestione delle acque e dei rifiuti, trasporti, educazione, salute e politiche del cibo). Il dibattito si è sviluppato in prima istanza nelle città del Nord del mondo, ma si è poi allargato alla scala globale ed è stato recepito, seppure parzialmente, anche nella Nuova Agenda Urbana approvata dalle Nazioni Unite nel 2016. In questo contesto, le città africane costituiscono un caso di particolare interesse perché le caratteristiche quantitative e qualitative del processo di urbanizzazione in Africa pongono sfide inedite sia in termini di pianificazione urbana che per quanto concerne la sicurezza e la sovranità alimentare. La costruzione di politiche del cibo nelle città africane contribuisce dunque a ridefinire l'idea stessa di città e del rapporto tra aree urbane e rurali. Un elemento di particolare interesse all'interno di questo quadro è costituito dai partenariati internazionali che si stanno sviluppando nel settore delle politiche urbane del cibo. Il contributo pertanto, dopo una panoramica delle politiche sviluppate nelle singole città africane, pone l'accento sulle esperienze di cooperazione internazionale, con particolare attenzione al recente Patto di Milano quale quadro di riferimento per la costruzione di partenariati territoriali in ambito agro-alimentare. L'analisi si concentra sul caso italiano, analizzando partenariati già in atto con città africane e valutando possibili sviluppi futuri in relazione alle strategie governative di cooperazione allo sviluppo. In conclusione, vengono identificati una serie di temi chiave (accesso e gestione della terra, cambiamento climatico, agricoltura urbana e periurbana, gestione dei rifiuti) al fine di mettere a confronto i diversi casi analizzati e porre in evidenza specificità ed elementi comuni.

Since the emergence of the recent Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and its spread as a pandemic, there has been a parallel spread of false and misleading information, known as an infodemic. The COVID-19 infodemic has induced distrust in scientific communities, governments, institutions and the population, and a confidence crisis that has led to harmful health behaviours, also impacting on mental health. The aim of this study is to provide a scoping review of the scientific literature about COVID-19-related misinformation and conspiracy theories, focusing on the construction of a conceptual framework which is useful for the interpretation of the conspiracy theory phenomenon surrounding COVID-19, and its consequences. Particular socio-environmental conditions (i.e., low educational level, younger age), psychological processes and attitudes (such as low levels of epistemic trust, the avoidance of uncertainty, extraversion, collective narcissism, and a conspiracy-prone mindset), and contextual factors (e.g., high levels of self-perceived risk and anxiety) seem to underpin the adherence to beliefs that are not solely the domain of paranoids and extremists but a widespread phenomenon that has caused important health, social and political consequences.

Since the emergence of the recent Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) and its spread as a pandemic, there has been a parallel spread of false and misleading information, known as an infodemic. The COVID-19 infodemic has induced distrust in scientific communities, governments, institutions and the population, and a confidence crisis that has led to harmful health behaviours, also impacting on mental health. The aim of this study is to provide a scoping review of the scientific literature about COVID-19-related misinformation and conspiracy theories, focusing on the construction of a conceptual framework which is useful for the interpretation of the conspiracy theory phenomenon surrounding COVID-19, and its consequences. Particular socio-environmental conditions (i.e., low educational level, younger age), psychological processes and attitudes (such as low levels of epistemic trust, the avoidance of uncertainty, extraversion, collective narcissism, and a conspiracy-prone mindset), and contextual factors (e.g., high levels of self-perceived risk and anxiety) seem to underpin the adherence to beliefs that are not solely the domain of paranoids and extremists but a widespread phenomenon that has caused important health, social and political consequences.

Background: According to the WHO, detainees attempt suicide ten times more than the general population. Aims: To investigate the impact of migration trauma on Suicidal and Self-Harm Behaviours (SSHB) of migrants in jail and to explore how substance use and other psychiatric features affect this relationship. Methods: Prospective cohort study, conducted at the 'Sant'Anna' jail in Modena (Italy) between February 2017 and September 2019. Socio-demographic, psychiatric features and records of previous SSHB were collected. Experience of migration-related trauma was assessed with the LiMEs (List of Migration Experiences) checklist. Participants were followed-up for the occurrence of further SSHB. Survival analysis was performed and Cox's Hazard Ratios (HR) were used as a measure of association of comparisons. Results: Amongst the 112 subjects (96% male, median age 33), the prevalence of any mental disorder was 26% and of substance abuse 59%. History of SSHB was present in 36% of the sample. Median follow-up time was 80 days. During follow-up, 11 events were observed (of which three were suicide attempts). Cumulative survival probability was 85%. Having experienced trauma related to war and violence was significantly associated with SSHB, HR: 7.05. No SSHB were recorded amongst subjects without substance abuse. Conclusions: Migrants in custody who experienced trauma in the post-migration period, attempt SSHB seven times more frequently than those without traumas at any time. War trauma and post-migration trauma due to exposure to violence seem to be more strongly associated with SSHB, also controlling for psychiatric diagnosis, ongoing psychopharmacological therapy and substance abuse. Further research and possible intervention programs should focus on addressing post-migration living-difficulties.