Suchergebnisse

The study is dedicated to answering the question of what effects, related to which factors, should be taken into account when evaluating the integral effect of a strategic alliance in a knowledge-intensive industry for competition. Features of R & D can significantly affect the public reaction to the desire of companies to cooperate - even if the intended merger will lead to monopolization of the market. Although the problem of the influence of alliances on competition is widely covered, there are quite a few works exploring the impact of cooperation between companies in the field of research and development on social welfare in general. An original model was proposed, based both on the standard prerequisites for such work and on the prerequisites that were rarely included in the models devoted to strategic alliances: the conclusion of a contract for the development of a specific project and the launch of a new product on the market, the asymmetry of investment processes in companies, the possibility of reaching the market at once two solutions.Using my model, I found out that there are hypothetically such circumstances in which a strategic alliance, even if it leads to collusion, can increase social welfare and be desirable for society.

Ancient Egyptian pottery of the Old Kingdom demonstrates typological uniformity not only within the Memphite capital region, but also in the provinces. During Dynasty IV this was reflected in the ceramic assortment, then during Dynasties V and VI the visual dimensional similarity of individual groups of vessels is clearly noticeable, forcing us to see a manifestation of the ceramic standardization in this phenomenon. The pottery workshops show their subordinate position to temple and noble households, thus the assumption of possible standardization of the most popular ceramic forms — beer jars and bread molds — has the right to exist. The nonmonetary nature of the Egyptian Old Kingdom economy is an additional reason to see standardization in the identity of the ceramic molds and volumes, since beer jars and bread molds were the main means of remuneration for plain workmen of the royal, temple and noble households. However, the study of 38 whole and archaeologically whole beer jars from 13 burial complexes discovered by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2002—2019 in the eastern part of the Giza Necropolis, makes us doubt the phenomenon of standardization and suspect that this is just a desired illusion for modern science. Analysis of the dimensional characteristics of the jars shows that their external similarity does not correlate with their dimensional similarity, even within the same complex. Moreover, it is difficult to talk about any local standardization, much less countrywide. Thus, the morphological uniformity of the most widespread ceramic type for the second half of the 3rd millennium BC can't be explained by a desire of the local or central authorities to ensure dimensional uniformity of the vessels; but we can realte this with a strong pottery tradition and the activities of groups of professional potters who made vessels of a similar shape and size.

The article is devoted to the significant phenomena in the evolution of material part of the ancient Egyptian burial rites and funerary cult of the Old Kingdom (3rd millennium BC) — using of model substitutes of objects in various rituals in the necropolises of the Memphis region. Analysis of historical sources shows that the Egyptians, at the dawn of their dynastic history, came to the need to reduce the material costs for the afterlife sphere with the increasing complexity of the burial rites and funerary cult. Their complication progressed in parallel with their transition from the category of real actions to the category of symbolical ones. The more things the deceased needed for a prosperous existence in the afterlife, the more often these things were replaced by their symbols, which were supposed to turn into real ones in the other world with the help of various magical rituals. In course of time, the complex burial rites and funerary cult of the Egyptian nobility simplified, but the rational idea that quantity can replace quality and contribute to well-being in the afterlife remained and was embodied, in particular, in the multiplication of various symbols of apotropaic amulets.

AbstractIn recent years, there has been growing interest among researchers in exploring approximate number sense (ANS)—the ability to estimate and discriminate quantities without the use of symbols. Despite the growing number of studies on ANS, there have been no cross‐cultural longitudinal studies to estimate both the development of ANS and the cross‐cultural differences in ANS growth trajectories. In this study, we aimed to estimate the developmental trajectories of ANS from the beginning of formal education to the end of elementary school in two countries, Russia and Kyrgyzstan, which have similar organization of their educational systems but differences in socioeconomic status (SES) and in the results of large‐scale educational assessments. To assess the developmental trajectories of ANS, we used a four‐wave longitudinal study with 416 participants from two countries and applied the mixed effect growth approach and the latent class growth approach. Our analysis revealed that the rate of growth in ANS accuracy was higher for the Russian sample than for the Kyrgyz sample and that this difference remained significant even after controlling for fluid intelligence. We identified two latent classes of growth trajectories: the first class had a significant growth in ANS, whereas the second class had no growth. Comparing the distribution of latent classes within the two countries revealed that there was a significantly larger proportion of schoolchildren from the second class in Kyrgyzstan than in Russia.

SummaryThe study focused on the extent to which the general factor of intelligence g and heritability coefficients of the subtests of an IQ battery correlate. Modest to strong positive correlations were found in five studies from Western countries and six studies from a Japanese meta-analysis. The results for Russian twins were compared with those of the Western and Japanese studies. Data from 402 twins aged 13 and 296 twins aged 16 showed correlations of r=−0.45 and r=−0.60, respectively. It is concluded that the two data points are clearly not in line with established findings. It may be that the link between g loadings and heritabilities is more complex than previously thought.

В статье анализируется керамический материал, обнаруженный в ходе археологических исследований скальной гробницы древнеегипетского чиновника Каемнефрета (LG 63), расположенной на северовосточной оконечности Восточного плато некрополя Гиза. Исследования проводились в 2015–2019 гг. силами Российской археологической экспедиции Института востоковедения РАН. В результате была собрана репрезентативная коллекция керамических сосудов от середины 3‑го тыс. до н. э. до современности, иллюстрирующая различные этапы бытования памятника. В эпоху Древнего царства и Позднего периода назначение вырубленных в скале помещений гробницы было погребальным: они использовались для оригинальных и вторичных захоронений, однако пережили несколько проникновений древних грабителей. Начиная с греко-римского времени гробница стала служить временным жилищем, периодически подвергаясь очередным ограблениям, в результате которых заполнение пяти погребальных шахт было перемешано, захоронения сильно повреждены или полностью разрушены, а в комплексы попали фрагменты поздних керамических изделий бытового назначения, включая черепки римских и византийских винных амфор, средневековый кувшин-фильтр для воды и др. Тем не менее по косвенным признакам удается отнести часть более раннего материала — Древнего царства (XXVIII–XXII вв. до н. э.) и Позднего периода (664–332 гг. до н. э.) к оригинальному погребальному инвентарю и, соответственно, определить время его появления — вторая половина V и VI династии (ок. XXIV–XXII вв. до н. э.) для оригинальных погребений и саисское (664–525 гг. до н. э.) и персидское время (525–332 гг. до н. э.) для вторичных

The ancient Egyptian rock-cut tomb of Nesemnau in the north-eastern part of the Giza Necropolis was explored by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS in 2015–2017 and 2020. Archaeological study of the three tomb shafts revealed repeated violation of the filling layers due to the numerous robberies; as a result, the original burials of the Old Kingdom were destroyed, and later pottery (827 out of 2602 ceramic samples) and artifacts entered these complexes. Pottery analysis dating from the New Kingdom to the beginning of the 20th century allows speculating on the formation of thieves' debris in the burial shafts of this tomb. Obtained data indicates repeated human intervention into the tomb, occurring apparently in the Late Period (possibly in order to create secondary burials), in Ptolemaic and Byzantine times, in the Middle Ages and in Modern times (during the robbery). Fragments from the same vessels are present in the fillings of all the shafts in Nesemnau's tomb; therefore, they ended in these burial complexes at the same time as a result of the one and the same group of robbers' activities. The latest ceramic fragments belonging to the zir-jars of the 19th — early 20th centuries indicate terminus ante quem of plundering. It is probable that the increase of tourism and the beginning of large-scale archaeological excavations in Giza Necropolis at that time intensified the thieves' activity at the ancient site.

The article analyzes 13 fragmented ceramic smoking pipes found at the eastern edge of the Eastern Field of the ancient Egyptian Giza Necropolis by the Russian Archaeological Mission of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS. The objects of the late 17th — early 20th centuries were discovered during the exploration of the rock-cut tombs of the second half of the Third millennium B.C. and the adjacent area. They testify to the human activity in the ancient necropolis in the Modern Period and demonstrate the spread of tobacco smoking in Egypt, the first of the Ottoman provinces to encounter tobacco at the end of the 16th century through the mediation of Europeans. Morphologically, the pipes from Giza can be divided into three types in the shape of a cup — lily-shaped, round-cylindrical and daffodil-shaped. The round-cylindrical pipe is attributed as the products of Cairo pottery workshops situated near the Salah ad-Din Citadel in 1730–1780. Other objects demonstrate clay and the method of decorating characteristic of the workshops of Upper Egypt, located in Asyut and Aswan; some of them relate to the early types of the late 17th — early 18th centuries, others — to the late versions of the 19th — early 20th centuries. One fragment belongs to a pipe brought from Istanbul, and refers to the so-called "Tophane style", which is characterized by bright red clay and gilding or silvering. This elite ware were produced by Istanbul craftsmen since the end of the 18th century until 1929; the pipe found in Giza can be dated to the interval from the 1860s to the 1900s.