Suchergebnisse

ten years after their repatriation to France, the Harkis, former deputies of the French army in Algeria, still suffer from particularly difficult living conditions. The 1970s marked the beginning of their mobilisation. After Algeria's independence in 1962, and in the wake of thousands of Algerians, elected officials, military and civilian officials, linked to the French State or the French Army during the war, almost 90 000 former deputies and family members fled in France. Over 42.000 of them pass through camps in southern France, like the Rivesaltes camp, and then scattered across all countries. A decade after the war, those called 'French Muslims repatriated ii' questioned the public authorities and public opinion about the difficulties of their social situation. Specific associations are gradually emerging, with the emergence of spokespersons and new forms of mobilisation, working to defend their interests. ; International audience ; ten years after their repatriation to France, the Harkis, former deputies of the French army in Algeria, still suffer from particularly difficult living conditions. The 1970s marked the beginning of their mobilisation. After Algeria's independence in 1962, and in the wake of thousands of Algerians, elected officials, military and civilian officials, linked to the French State or the French Army during the war, almost 90 000 former deputies and family members fled in France. Over 42.000 of them pass through camps in southern France, like the Rivesaltes camp, and then scattered across all countries. A decade after the war, those called 'French Muslims repatriated ii' questioned the public authorities and public opinion about the difficulties of their social situation. Specific associations are gradually emerging, with the emergence of spokespersons and new forms of mobilisation, working to defend their interests. ; Dix ans après leur rapatriement en France, les Harkis, anciens supplétifs de l'armée française en Algérie, subissent toujours des conditions de vie particulièrement ...

Durant l'année 1962, près de 650 000 personnes quittent l'Algérie pour se replier dans leur grande majorité en France. C'est un épisode inédit par son ampleur : en quatre mois, il y a autant de réfugiés qu'en cinq ans, au moment des précédentes migrations liées à la décolonisation française. Ce mouvement imprévu et brutal se déroule entre les accords d'Évian et les premiers mois de l'indépendance de l'Algérie. Après une présentation historique des différentes populations concernées par cet exode — des Européens d'Algérie aux pieds-noirs, des indigènes israélites aux juifs d'Algérie, des Français de souche nord-africaine aux Français musulmans rapatriés —, les facteurs de cette migration politique sous contrainte, dans le cadre de la décolonisation de l'Empire français, sont exposés. Si pour les pieds-noirs et les juifs d'Algérie, l'exode est la conséquence de l'action de l'Organisation armée secrète (OAS), de l'insécurité générale et de l'ambiguïté de leur place dans la future Algérie indépendante, en ce qui concerne les harkis, ils sont poussés massivement à fuir par les violences à leur endroit. C'est dans un climat frôlant l'anarchie que se déroulent l'exode imprévu des Français d'Algérie et le transfert, néanmoins limité, des auxiliaires coloniaux. Tout en étant une population hétérogène, ils constituent, en se réfugiant et se réinstallant en France, ce que l'on nomme désormais « les rapatriés d'Algérie ». Les pouvoirs publics français chargés de leur accueil se heurtent à la problématique de leur dénomination qui constitue un véritable imbroglio sémantique alternant entre les notions de rapatriés, repliés et réfugiés. Ils doivent relever de nombreux défis liés à leur installation sur le territoire national : l'organisation d'une administration d'accueil spécifique, la résolution des problèmes de saturation des logements et d'emploi. À travers la hiérarchisation des rapatriés, cette prise en charge fait apparaître une certaine continuité dans les représentations coloniales héritées de l'Algérie coloniale : reclassement prioritaire des pieds-noirs, spécificité des Juifs d'Algérie et marginalisation des harkis. Cet article se veut une synthèse, dans une perspective comparative, des conditions de départ d'Algérie et d'accueil en France de ces populations.

In the last several years, there has been a growing demand for mobility to cope with the increasing population. All kinds of transportation have responded to this demand by expanding their networks and introducing new ideas. Rail transportation introduced the idea of high-speed trains and air transportation introduced the idea of high-speed civil transport (HSCT). In this expanding world, the noise legislation is felt to inhibit these plans. Accurate computational methods for noise prediction are in great demand. In the current research, two computational methods are developed to predict noise propagation in air. The first method is based on the finite differencing technique on generalized curvilinear coordinates and it is used to solve linear and nonlinear Euler equations. The dispersion-relation-preserving scheme is adopted for spatial discretization. For temporal integration, either the dispersion-relation-preserving scheme or the low-dispersion-and-dissipation Runge-Kutta scheme is used. Both characteristic and asymptotic nonreflective boundary conditions are studied. Ghost points are employed to satisfy the wall boundary condition. A number of benchmark problems are solved to validate different components of the present method. These include initial pulse in free space, initial pulse reflected from a flat or curved wall, time-periodic train of waves reflected from a flat wall, and oscillatory sink flow. The computed results are compared with the analytical solutions and good agreements are obtained. Using the method developed, the noise of Mach 2.1, perfectly expanded, two-dimensional supersonic jet is computed. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved for the jet mean flow. The instability waves, which are used to excite the jet, are obtained from the solution of the compressible Rayleigh equation. Then, the linearized Euler equations are solved for jet noise. To improve computational efficiency, flow-adapted grid and a multi-block time integration technique are developed. The computations are compared with the experimental results for both the mean flow and the jet noise. Good agreement is obtained. The method proved to be fast and efficient. The second computational method is based on the boundary element technique. The Helmholtz equation is solved for the sound field around a railway noise barrier. Linear elements are used to discretize the barrier surface. Frequency-dependent grids are employed for efficiency. The train noise is represented by a point source located above the nearest rail. The source parameters are estimated from a typical field measurement of train noise spectrum. Both elevated and ground-level train decks are considered. The performance of the noise barrier at low and high frequencies is investigated. Moreover, A-weighted sound pressure levels are calculated. The computed results are successfully compared with field measurements.