Grand uprising led by Pugachev seized a vast area from the middle reaches of the Volga, the Urals and the Kazakh steppes. Thousands of people from different classes and nationalities joined rebellious Ural Cossacks in 1773. From the beginning, the uprising was of antimonarchic, not noble character, although its leader, and posed as a resurrected Emperor Peter III. During two years since 1773 the rebels were holding at bay the entire Russian Empire, becoming a real threat to the power of Catherine II. Pugachev's Rebellion is a subject of numerous works of Russian historians, writers, articles, research journalists and ethnographers. But perhaps the most famous "History of Pugachev" is written by a classic of Russian literature Alexander Pushkin. His work became one of the first (if not the first) serious historical studies on Pugachev's Rebellion. The historical science of XIX century, especially its first half, doesn't know many writings on the uprising. The fact that historians did not dare to write about Pugachev and the events that took place in 1773-1775 years, as Catherine II prohibited even mention the uprising. The decree of the senate ordered even rename the place, where the described events took place, for example, the Yaik river and Yaitsk town in order "to bring all that has happened to eternal oblivion." The famous historian S.M. Solovyov did not have advance to write about Pugachev. Death interrupted his work when his 29 volume ws in process, which he planned to complete with the execution of the leader of the uprising. Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevskii did not write many pages devoted to Pugachev as well. The author of this article visited the places, where the events took place, and repeated the journey of A.S. Pushkin, who visited the region in 60years after Pugachev's Rebellion. By talking with the locals, visiting ancient towns and villages, I sought to find out what has now preserved since ancient times, whether it is possible today to see evidence of the uprising or the famous trip of A.S. Pushkin.
Abstract: This article describes the life and work of the distinguished political leader of the 17th century Vasiliy Vasilyevich Golitsyn. He entered the history of our country as a thoughtful reformist and a brilliant diplomat. His transformations created the foundation for the future pivotal reforms by Peter the Great. Being an outstanding analyst and a strategic planner, Golytsin won his combats not on the bloody battlefields but in the course of fights on the diplomatic arena. During the reign of Sophia, when he had received ultimately unlimited power warrant, he mainly fostered all of his efforts to the implementation of the socio-economic changes and the rise of prestige of the Russian State. However, as it often happens with the prominent reformists he became a victim of the in-house political tussle; he placed the wrong bet on Sophia instead of Peter the Great and his court. As a result, he was deprived from his post, lost his estates, and was sent into exile to the north of the country. The author of this article followed the probable route of Golytsin's exile ramblings and paid special attention to the stay of the disgraced knyaz in Pinezhskiy Volok - currently the settlement of Pinega situated approximately 200 km away from Arkhangelsk on the banks of the Pinega River. The article also offers a detailed description of the Krasnogorskiy Monastery located 15 km away from the settlement. Golitsyn used to visit this monastery regularly and in 1714 was buried there disclaimed by Peter. The tombstone from his grave was preserved and is now stored in the Museum of Regional Studies in Pinega.
Introduction.The conclusion of the "effective contract" with teachers has recently become one of the innovations at the higher school. According to the drafters of this document, it has to take the position of the economic instrument for increasing the labour productivity of educators and stimulating them to the effective result-oriented activity. However, some qualitative and quantitative indicators of the contract which form the basis of the fixed amount of financial award of teachers lead to confusion. In particular, the number of the students expelled from higher education institution belongs to such indicators.Aim. Based on the factual material, statistical data and mathematical calculations, the aim of the publication is to prove the absence of direct relationship between the number of the expelled students and the quality of professional activity of the university teacher.Methodology and research methods. In the course of the research, the review and synthesis of the scientific publications on the discussed problems were used; poll and questioning of students were conducted by means of the T. I. Ilyina's technique "Motivation for Training in Higher Education Institution". The obtained data was processed by the method of the correlation analysis; degree of statistical reliability of results was estimated by means of calculation of F-criterion.Results and scientific novelty. The survey was conducted among full-time students of different years of studies enrolled on the five-year specialty training programme "Train Traffic Management Systems" of the Far Eastern State Railway Communications University. The survey made it possible to identify the common factors and reasons of expulsion from higher education institution among students of all years of studies. Statistical data on motivation of students for training are collected and analysed. Correlations between indicators of expulsion and motives to get higher education are established. The authors provided a reasoned justification for obvious absurdity of the issue about accounting the student contingent retention as criterion of the teacher quality of work. Student expulsion is the indicator that reflects a condition of all education system and includes the following: school, institute of the Unified State Examination (USE), selection criteria in higher education institution, standard legislative base in education, curricula, logistics and equipment, conditions of educational activity, etc., as well as student motivation for training. Therefore, the ordinary teacher can not and must not be responsible for student expulsions.Practical significance. The authors conclude that the "effective contract" as it drafted encourages not teachers, but a high number of uneducated "professionals" who graduate from higher education institutions, including those who study free of charge. Artificial support of student membership completely contradicts state policy on human resource development of the country; furthermore, it poses threat of destruction both for the system of the higher education, and for national economy in general. It is obviously required to develop other more reasonable approaches that are adequate to the higher school tasks and to the choice of quality criteria for activity of higher education institutions and their employees. ; Введение. Одним из нововведений последнего времени в высшей школе стало внедрение в практику заключения «эффективного контракта» с преподавателями, который, по мнению его разработчиков, должен стать экономическим инструментом повышения производительности труда работников сферы образования, стимулирующим их к эффективной деятельности, нацеленной на результат. Однако некоторые качественные и количественные показатели контракта, на основании которых определяется размер финансового поощрения педагогов, вызывают недоумение. К таким показателям относится, в частности, количество отчисленных из вуза студентов.Цель публикации – доказать с опорой на фактический материал, статистические данные и математические расчеты отсутствие прямой связи между количеством отчисляющихся обучающихся и качеством профессиональной деятельности преподавателя вуза.Методы и методики. В процессе исследования использовались обзор и обобщение содержания научных источников, касающихся обсуждаемых проблем; опрос и анкетирование студентов с помощью методики «Мотивация обучения в вузе» Т. И. Ильиной. Обработка полученных данных производилась методом корреляционного анализа; степень статистической достоверности результатов оценивалась посредством вычисления F-критерия Фишера.Результаты и научная новизна.На выборках студентов специальности «Системы обеспечения движения поездов», обучающихся очно в Дальневосточном государственном университете путей сообщения по пятилетней программе специалитета, выявлены закономерности и причины их отчислений из вуза на всех курсах профессиональной подготовки. Собраны и проанализированы статистические данные о мотивированности студентов к обучению. Установлены корреляции между показателями отчислений и мотивами получения высшего образования. Аргументированно обоснована абсурдность учета сохранности студенческого контингента в качестве критерия качества работы преподавателя. Отчисление студента – это показатель, отражающий состояние всей системы образования, включая школу, институт ЕГЭ, критерии отбора в вуз, нормативно-законодательную базу в сфере образования, учебные планы, материально-техническую обеспеченность, условия учебной деятельности и т. д., а также мотивацию к обучению самого студента. Поэтому рядовой преподаватель не может и не должен нести индивидуальную ответственность за отчисление студента.Практическая значимость. Сделан вывод о том, что «эффективный контракт» в существующем виде поощряет не педагогов, а выпуск из вузов необразованных «профессионалов», в том числе за бюджетные средства. Искусственная поддержка численного состава студентов противоречит государственной политике развития кадрового потенциала страны и несет угрозу разрушения как для системы высшего образования, так и для экономики страны в целом. Очевидно, что требуется выработать иные, более разумные и адекватные задачам высшей школы подходы к выбору критериев качества деятельности вузов и их сотрудников.
In Russia in the second half of the XIX century research schools, developing anthrax vaccines for agriculture were formed. Their level was highly competitive with the Western analogues. At the end of the 1930 Soviet military scientists were the first in the world to create the anthrax vaccine for medical use on the basis of the spores of unencapsulated live strains of B. anthracis. In the 1940-1960-ies Russian scientists determined the principles of the development of anthrax vaccines, which allowed to avoid failures of their Western colleagues, when developing the vaccines capable of protecting the population from biological weapons with anthrax spores as the harmful agent. Russian military scientists in the 1990s managed to keep the vaccine strains of anthrax bacteria and restore the technological capability for their manufacture, which helps to protect the population of the Russian Federation from natural anthrax outbreaks and from biological terror. At a time when there is a need in creating immunity in humans against infection caused by inhalation of anthrax spores, the most reasonable decision for the upcoming decades is to use the domestic combined vaccine that combines unencapsulated live strains of Bacillus anthracis and anthrax toxin protective antigen. ; В России во второй половине XIX в. сформировались школы исследователей, разрабатывающие сибиреязвенные вакцины для нужд сельского хозяйства. По своему уровню они не уступали западным аналогичным школам. В конце 1930-х гг. советскими военными учеными первыми в мире была создана сибиреязвенная вакцина на основе спор живых бескап-сульных штаммов Bacillus anthracis, предназначенная для медицинского применения. Выбранные в 1940-1960-е гг. отечественными учеными направления разработки сибиреязвенных вакцин позволили избежать неудач, с которыми столкнулись западные исследователи при разработке вакцин, способных защитить население от биологического оружия, использующего в качестве поражающего агента споры возбудителя сибирской язвы. Благодаря усилиям российских военных ученых в 1990-е гг. удалось сохранить вакцинные штаммы сибиреязвенного микроба и восстановить технологические мощности по их производству, что позволяет защитить население Российской Федерации от природных вспышек сибирской язвы и возможных актов биологического террора. В условиях, когда необходимо создать у человека иммунитет к ингаляционному заражению спорами возбудителя сибирской язвы, в ближайшие десятилетия наиболее оптимальным будет применение отечественной комбинированной вакцины, сочетающей споры живых бескапсульных штаммов B. anthracis и протективный антиген сибиреязвенного токсина.
