Suchergebnisse

The idea to carry out a research on the history of professional associations, specifically on legal bar, originates from a research project presented some years ago by Consiglio Nazionale Forense (General Council of Lawyers of Italy) – assisted by lawyers and lecturers – who expressed their ambition to develop an historical overview on the origins and development of legal bar in Italy. The present work is not intended to carry out a detailed historical survey on each and every Piedmontese professional association. It is the object of the present research to describe the role of a lawyer in the 19th century society, to understand the way the profession changes constantly, the way legal bar is arranged and how it interacts with the surrounding political and social environment. Focusing on North Piedmont, the research on the documentation preserved at Courts produced completely different results according to the place in point. Certainly, most of the documentation is preserved in Turin, where trial records of the Consiglio dell'Ordine (General Council of the Lawyers) since the first meeting after the legislative decree in 1874 were found: such material is in good preservation status, probably because Turin professional association has always taken special care of such documentation. As far as Ivrea is concerned instead, differently from Turin – where papers are found in volumes – there is not an inventory and the documentation mainly consists of scattered papers, which allowed to reconstruct the activities of the association and the relationships between lawyers during the time in point. The analysis of these papers allowed to draw a picture of some lawyers, to understand legal bar and their relationships with colleagues, authorities and judiciary. In Biella and Novara no evidence of the association could be found. Thus, surveys on single professionals were carried out based on private inventories (Fondo Pampuri in Novara and Fondo Versano in Biella). In conclusion, not only should the present work be considered from an historical point of view, but also with reference to the current debate on the future of legal bar in the 21st century, taking into account that the knowledge of past lawyers can be an important step forward to understand (and discover) the identity of the contemporary lawyer.

Abena Ampofoa Asare identifies the documents, testimonies, and petitions gathered by Ghana's National Reconciliation Commission as a portal to an unprecedented public archive of Ghanaian political history as told by the self-described survivors of human rights abuse

Although truth and reconciliation commissions are supposed to generate consensus and unity in the aftermath of political violence, Abena Ampofoa Asare identifies cacophony as the most valuable and overlooked consequence of this process in Ghana. By collecting and preserving the voices of a diverse cross-section of the national population, Ghana's National Reconciliation Commission (2001-2004) created an unprecedented public archive of postindependence political history as told by the self-described victims of human rights abuse.The collected voices in the archives of this truth commission expand Ghana's historic record by describing the state violence that seeped into the crevices of everyday life, shaping how individuals and communities survived the decades after national independence. Here, victims of violence marshal the language of international human rights to assert themselves as experts who both mourn the past and articulate the path toward future justice.There are, however, risks as well as rewards for dredging up this survivors' history of Ghana. The revealed truth of Ghana's human rights history is the variety and dissonance of suffering voices. These conflicting and conflicted records make it plain that the pursuit of political reconciliation requires, first, reckoning with a violence that is not past but is preserved in national institutions and individual lives. By exploring the challenge of human rights testimony as both history and politics, Asare charts a new course in evaluating the success and failures of truth and reconciliation commissions in Africa and around the world.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Ways in to the Text -- Who Was Clifford Geertz? -- What Does The Interpretation of Cultures say? -- Why Does The Interpretation of Cultures Matter? -- Section 1: Influences -- Module 1: The Author and the Historical Context -- Module 2: Academic Context -- Module 3: The Problem -- Module 4: The Author's Contribution -- Section 2: Ideas -- Module 5: Main Ideas -- Module 6: Secondary Ideas -- Module 7: Achievement -- Module 8: Place in the Author's Work -- Section 3: Impact -- Module 9: The First Responses -- Module 10: The Evolving Debate -- Module 11: Impact and Influence Today -- Module 12: Where Next? -- Glossary of Terms -- People Mentioned in the Text -- Works Cited.

In this book, the author explains, from her experience in Ghana and in different parts of Africa during the UN Decade for Women, what she believes women's emancipation means to women in Africa. She discusses a number of pertinent issues such as traditional beliefs and practices that still keep women under subjugation, specific women-in-development activities that help to achieve appreciable levels of emancipation and the role of governmental, non-governmental and inter-governmental organizations in the process of women's emancipation in Africa. (DÜI-Hff)

Obstetric violence has been recognized as a major impediment to facility-based delivery, increasing the risk of preventable complications and maternal mortality. In Ghana, studies on women's birth experiences reveal enormous and brutal acts of violence during delivery; however, inquiries into why midwives abuse women have not been extensively studied. This study explored the perspectives of midwives on the drivers of obstetric violence in the Western and Ashante Regions of Ghana. A qualitative study was conducted involving 30 in-depth interviews with midwives in eight health facilities. The data were analyzed thematically using NVivo 12. The results of the study reveal a normalization of violence in the delivery room and the intensity of violence is heightened during the second stage of labor. Midwives reported perpetrating or witnessing physical violence, abandonment of women, stigmatization of HIV women, verbal abuses such as shouting, and the detention of women in the health facilities. Midwives abuse women as a result of the pressures of the midwifery profession, poor maternal efforts of women, disrespect of midwives, women's disobedience, and uncooperative attitudes. The culture of acceptability of obstetric violence is a major driver, contributing to its normalization. Midwives do not consider obstetric violence as abuse, but rather, as a delivery strategy which aids a successful delivery. It is therefore justified and viewed as a necessary part of the delivery process. There is a critical need for retraining midwives on alternative birthing strategies devoid of violence.

This paper analyses how gender is constructed by the Tivs through their interpretation of Hamlet in comparison with how Shakespeare projects these characters. Hamlet, a tragic play by Shakespeare, presents a patriarchal system of governance with strong themes of betrayal, love, kinship, religion, and revenge. The lack of agency and autonomy of women, sexual objectification, and their plagues as victims of patriarchy portrayed in Hamlet is a vivid presentation of the fate of women in a patriarchal world. While these may seem universal, the contradictory interpretation of Hamlet by the Tivs in Nigeria demands an inquiry into how the people of Tiv construct and interpret gender in Shakespeare's Hamlet. This paper, therefore, compares the Tiv's culture and gender values with Shakespeare's Hamlet. The paper argues that the Tiv's construction of gender contradicts Western conceptions of gruesome patriarchal performance in Africa as presented in Western literature. The analysis revealed that the Tiv's construction of gender gave more agency, power, and respect to women and differed significantly from how Shakespeare constructed gender in Hamlet. The masculinization of witchcraft and the demeaning of the male characters in Hamlet gave less honour and power to the male characters. Tiv's interpretations and gender constructions present a rather diverging representation of women in Hamlet based on cultural negotiations and lived experiences; thereby, demonstrating how cultural dynamism shapes gender constructions.

This study examines the perceptions of social welfare and education officers in Ghana about school social work practice and its possible contributions to improving academic performance at the basic level of education. Qualitative data were collected through two focus group discussions with social workers and education officers. Participants expressed views that school social work interventions are needed to strengthen the bond between the home and the school, help students deal with psycho-social problems, and reduce the burden on teachers. Suggestions were also made on the best ways to foster the practice of school social work in Ghana. Theses coalesced around three core themes: active engagement of stakeholders, a robust funding mechanism to develop and sustain social work interventions in schools, and a long-term agenda to train and recruit more school social workers.