Suchergebnisse

The Jordanian General Secondary School Examination results of Feb. 2010 were very different compared to those of other years. There were a lot of mistakes, faults and discrepancies in these results, which caused panic and chaos among parents and students. The credibility of the ministry of education was lost as a result. This paper aims to examine the way Jordanian daily newspapers handled the coverage of this crisis and explore their attitudes towards the crisis. The content analysis of samples from three newspapers aims to examine the attitudes of these newspapers; i.e. whether they were actually agreeing, disagreeing or neutral vis a vis the crisis and the way it was handled. An analytical approach using content analysis of three major daily newspapers Al Raai, Al Arab Al Yawm and Al Sabeel is conducted. The paper concludes that news and reports published in the three daily newspapers were at the forefront of news patterns that treated the crises with a percentage of (39.2%) and (29%) respectively.The paper also shows that (17.4%), of the content of the articles published in the newspapers blamed the government for this crisis, while (17.1%) of the content of the articles was on the impact of the crisis on students and parents and their reaction to that crisis. The paper shows that the calls for rational handling of the crisis came in the first place in Al Raai with a percentage of (17%) while the issue of «government's responsibility for the crisis» came first in Al Arab Al Yawm and Al Sabeel with a percentage of (26.6%) and (21.4%) respectively.

Arab societies are living these days, exciting times and historical moments which appear in the political movement and the popular revolutions in the Arab street, in order to stop the wheel of oppression and corruption and to ensure a better future for these societies. A wave of demonstrations and protest marches launched in Jordan across the country simultaneously with the violent Arab protests that erupted earlier in the 2011. This study aimed at identifying the extent of interest of the Jordanian daily newspapers coverage of the popular protests movements, and the nature of the protesters' demands, and whether the Jordanian government is interested in responding to these demands or not. This study is classified within the descriptive quality of research of interest to study the communication phenomenon of the status quo through the methodology of survey and content analysis. The study revealed that most important patterns that have addressed the issues and the protests were news and news reports, with a percentage of (86.8%). And that most of the protests came in the form of marches, with a percentage of (57.7%), and the organizers of these marches were from different sectors, the protesters' demands have focused on public issues, with a percentage of (63.1%). The protesters called for a main demand to fight corruption and the corruptives and to amend the laws governing the lives of constitutional democracy, and the departure of the government and the 16th Lower House. The study also revealed that the poor performance of the current parliament the 16th, the government and the lack of seriousness in the implementation of reform programs, and the depth of corruption, a reverse tensil forces the anti-reform, will lead to a lack of reforms in Jordan.

THE LAUSANNE TREATY WHICH WAS SIGNED ON 24 JULY 1923, FORMALIZED THE DE FACTO DIVISION OF KURDISH-INHABITED LANDS AMONG TURKEY, IRAQ AND SYRIA. THIS ARTICLE SHOWS WHY THE KURDS WERE USED AS PAWNS DURING THE LAUSANNE NEGOTIATIONS, HOW THEIR LANDS WERE FORCIBLY INCORPORATED INTO IRAQ AND TURKEY, AND FINALLY HOW THE LAUSANNE NEGOTIATIONS AFFECTED BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS THE KURDS IN NORTHERN IRAQ. LIGHT IS THROWN ON THE ROOTS OF THE PRESENT DAY KURDISH PROBLEM IN NORTHERN IRAQ.

This study aims to identify the role of United Nations Radio Stations (represented by Maraya Radio in South Sudan) in promoting the culture of peace and development, and to know if this broadcast service contributes to promoting awareness of such concepts. The study uses appropriate descriptive methodology to measure and analyze the characteristics of media content which are related to these concepts. In addition to that, it examines the effect of these concepts on the audience of such a broadcasting service. This is a descriptive study in which the researchers analyzed the content of the programs related to the concepts of peace and development presented by Maraya Radio. The researchers also distributed a questionnaire to the audience of this radio station in South Sudan to know how they are affected by the programs offered at this station. The study examined three programs of Maraya and analyzed them using artificial week method. The findings show that the topics on peace occupied the first position among all topics covered by Maraya with a percentage of (38.5%). The topics on peace also came first in terms of the time allocated for such programs with a percentage of (49%). The content on the theme of "life without conflict" came first among all the content themes broadcasted by Maraya with a percentage of (20.1%), whereas the content related to the theme of 'enhancing women's image in society' came second with a percentage of (15%), followed by the content on the theme 'encourage to learn' with a percentage of (11.8%).

The study aimed at identifing the trends of Yarmouk University students towards the addressing of the Jordanian youth issues in the Jordanina press especially the issues of unemployment, marriage, violence, political participation, external emigration and sports. The researchers used a survey method for a sample of 511 undergraduate students in different levels. The findings of the study were the following: The Jordanian daily newspapers give more attention to the political, economic and social issues more than the youth issues, and 51.4% of the Jordanian young people believe that the space allocated by the newspapers to their issues is not enough. The majority of students assured that they have benefited from the youth information published by these newspapers and a large proportion of young people see that the Jordanian daily newspapers reflect the reality of the issues and topics of young people. The young people see that the Jordanian newspapers taking on the sports more importance than others followed by the issues of marriage, unemployment, violence and emigration and last the issue of political participation.

The research aims at studying the most important issues raised in the caricature and published in Jordanian dailies. The contents, attitudes, values, forms and sources of the caricature will be outlined. The study employs a content analysis and a comparative methods of research.The study concluded the following findings: The political issues in the caricature come first and constitute (48.5%) while the economic issues come second with (16.2%).The military and security issues come third with (15%).Also, the findings of caricature illustrations printed in both newspapers of our study tackled issues in the society and not the caricatures of persons.

Abstract
Background Transpedicular screw (TPS) misplacement is still a nightmare for spine surgeons. Preoperative planning is one of the methods that a surgeon could use to minimize this complication. This study aims to compare the efficacy of three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) preoperative planning in posterior lumbar TPSs placement performed using the freehand technique.
Patients and Methods Patients who underwent posterior TPSs placement for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis or spinal stenosis using the freehand technique between November 2021 and October 2022 were evaluated retrospectively. In total, 33 and 30 patients who met the inclusion criteria were consecutively operated on with preoperative 2D and 3D planning, respectively. The patients were divided into the 2D preoperative planning group (2DG) and 3D preoperative planning group (3DG) and the two groups were compared.
Results Sixty-three patients were operated during the study period. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding blood transfusion, operation time, and radiation exposure. Although the accuracy of TPSs positioning was 94.2 and 96.5% in the 2DG and 3DG, respectively, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant. The upper facet joint violation rate was 12.8% (n = 20) in the 2DG versus 3.5% (n = 5) in the 3DG (p = 0.006). All L4 TPSs were inserted with their standard entry points without any modification (p < 0.0001; relative/risk ratio = 0.64). The modification rate was higher in L1, L2, and L5 TPSs (p < 0.0001; χ
2 = 24.7).
Conclusion For patients with degenerative lumbar diseases, 3D preoperative planning in posterior lumbar instrumentation surgeries performed with the freehand technique decreased the upper facet joint violation rate.