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Population aging has led to the establishment of Healthcare Real Estate Investment Trusts (HC-REITs) to boost the supply of nursing homes, but these initiatives have met with contrasting success in different countries. This paper bridges two strands of research on financialization, social welfare and the built environment, to explain the uneven geography of HC-REIT development in France, the UK and Japan. It argues that nation-specific processes of nursing home securitization are shaped by the interrelationships between three crucial factors: (i) the regime of retirement income, (ii) public policies dedicated to long-term institutional care and (iii) the power relations between the REITs and care providers themselves. Drawing on discussions with experts in these sectors, the paper demonstrates that liberal welfare states such as the UK have an especially attractive profile for Healthcare REIT investors due to the advanced state of financialized pension reforms, significant state disengagement in the provision of long-term care and REIT-friendly regulations that facilitate investment operations and leases. On the one hand, these tendencies are driving financial investors to satisfy a growing demand for retirement savings in niche markets such as Healthcare REITs. On the other hand, value extraction is being increasingly sought through the capture of care-dependent residents' home equity. By linking social benefit provisioning to later life housing accommodation, this article casts important light on current debates on the political economy of real estate financialization, while also emphasizing the need for continued state support for long-term institutional care.

International audience ; Population aging has led to the establishment of Healthcare REITs (HC-REITs) to boost the supply of nursing homes, but these initiatives have met with contrasting success in different countries. This paper bridges two strands of research on financialization, social welfare and the built environment, to explain the uneven geography of HC-REIT development in France, the U.K. and Japan. It argues that nation-specific processes of nursing home securitization are shaped by the interrelationships between three crucial factors: (i) the regime of retirement income, (ii) public policies dedicated to long-term institutional care, and (iii) the power relations between the REITs and care providers themselves. Drawing on discussions with experts in these sectors, the paper demonstrates that liberal welfare states such as the U.K. have an especially attractive profile for HC-REIT investors due to the advanced state of financialized pension reforms, significant state disengagement in the provision of long-term care, and REITfriendly regulations that facilitate investment operations and leases. On the one hand, these tendencies are driving financial investors to satisfy a growing demand for retirement savings in niche markets such as HC-REITs. On the other hand, value extraction is being increasingly sought through the capture of care-dependent residents' home equity. By linking social benefit provisioning to later-life housing accommodation, this article casts important light on current debates on the political economy of real estate financialization, while also emphasizing the need for continued state support for long-term institutional care. ; Le vieillissement de la population a conduit à la création de foncières de santé cotées ("Healthcare REITs » ou HC-REITs) pour accroître l'offre de maisons de retraite médicalisées, mais ces initiatives ont connu un inégal succès selon les pays. Cet article articule deux courants indépendants de recherche sur la financiarisation, portant sur la protection ...

International audience ; Population aging has led to the establishment of Healthcare REITs (HC-REITs) to boost the supply of nursing homes, but these initiatives have met with contrasting success in different countries. This paper bridges two strands of research on financialization, social welfare and the built environment, to explain the uneven geography of HC-REIT development in France, the U.K. and Japan. It argues that nation-specific processes of nursing home securitization are shaped by the interrelationships between three crucial factors: (i) the regime of retirement income, (ii) public policies dedicated to long-term institutional care, and (iii) the power relations between the REITs and care providers themselves. Drawing on discussions with experts in these sectors, the paper demonstrates that liberal welfare states such as the U.K. have an especially attractive profile for HC-REIT investors due to the advanced state of financialized pension reforms, significant state disengagement in the provision of long-term care, and REITfriendly regulations that facilitate investment operations and leases. On the one hand, these tendencies are driving financial investors to satisfy a growing demand for retirement savings in niche markets such as HC-REITs. On the other hand, value extraction is being increasingly sought through the capture of care-dependent residents' home equity. By linking social benefit provisioning to later-life housing accommodation, this article casts important light on current debates on the political economy of real estate financialization, while also emphasizing the need for continued state support for long-term institutional care. ; Le vieillissement de la population a conduit à la création de foncières de santé cotées ("Healthcare REITs » ou HC-REITs) pour accroître l'offre de maisons de retraite médicalisées, mais ces initiatives ont connu un inégal succès selon les pays. Cet article articule deux courants indépendants de recherche sur la financiarisation, portant sur la protection ...

International audience ; Population aging has led to the establishment of Healthcare REITs (HC-REITs) to boost the supply of nursing homes, but these initiatives have met with contrasting success in different countries. This paper bridges two strands of research on financialization, social welfare and the built environment, to explain the uneven geography of HC-REIT development in France, the U.K. and Japan. It argues that nation-specific processes of nursing home securitization are shaped by the interrelationships between three crucial factors: (i) the regime of retirement income, (ii) public policies dedicated to long-term institutional care, and (iii) the power relations between the REITs and care providers themselves. Drawing on discussions with experts in these sectors, the paper demonstrates that liberal welfare states such as the U.K. have an especially attractive profile for HC-REIT investors due to the advanced state of financialized pension reforms, significant state disengagement in the provision of long-term care, and REITfriendly regulations that facilitate investment operations and leases. On the one hand, these tendencies are driving financial investors to satisfy a growing demand for retirement savings in niche markets such as HC-REITs. On the other hand, value extraction is being increasingly sought through the capture of care-dependent residents' home equity. By linking social benefit provisioning to later-life housing accommodation, this article casts important light on current debates on the political economy of real estate financialization, while also emphasizing the need for continued state support for long-term institutional care. ; Le vieillissement de la population a conduit à la création de foncières de santé cotées ("Healthcare REITs » ou HC-REITs) pour accroître l'offre de maisons de retraite médicalisées, mais ces initiatives ont connu un inégal succès selon les pays. Cet article articule deux courants indépendants de recherche sur la financiarisation, portant sur la protection ...

International audience ; Population aging has led to the establishment of Healthcare REITs (HC-REITs) to boost the supply of nursing homes, but these initiatives have met with contrasting success in different countries. This paper bridges two strands of research on financialization, social welfare and the built environment, to explain the uneven geography of HC-REIT development in France, the U.K. and Japan. It argues that nation-specific processes of nursing home securitization are shaped by the interrelationships between three crucial factors: (i) the regime of retirement income, (ii) public policies dedicated to long-term institutional care, and (iii) the power relations between the REITs and care providers themselves. Drawing on discussions with experts in these sectors, the paper demonstrates that liberal welfare states such as the U.K. have an especially attractive profile for HC-REIT investors due to the advanced state of financialized pension reforms, significant state disengagement in the provision of long-term care, and REITfriendly regulations that facilitate investment operations and leases. On the one hand, these tendencies are driving financial investors to satisfy a growing demand for retirement savings in niche markets such as HC-REITs. On the other hand, value extraction is being increasingly sought through the capture of care-dependent residents' home equity. By linking social benefit provisioning to later-life housing accommodation, this article casts important light on current debates on the political economy of real estate financialization, while also emphasizing the need for continued state support for long-term institutional care. ; Le vieillissement de la population a conduit à la création de foncières de santé cotées ("Healthcare REITs » ou HC-REITs) pour accroître l'offre de maisons de retraite médicalisées, mais ces initiatives ont connu un inégal succès selon les pays. Cet article articule deux courants indépendants de recherche sur la financiarisation, portant sur la protection ...

International audience ; Over the past two decades, the private rental sector has grown significantly in Japan. Once an overlooked sector of the market, it has been seized by the financial industry to the point of becoming the second largest REIT residential market in the world. This paper explores the development of residential REITs in Japan, in a context of demographic decline and urban shrinkage. It highlights the strategies of major Japanese real estate groups to diversify their activities and strengthen their control over popular downtown Tokyo neighbourhoods, building on government initiatives to revitalize land markets and stabilize the banking system through real estate financial investment vehicles. As the paper shows, the need to secure financial investors' expectations of attractive returns has led REIT asset managers to target the vast majority of their leasing activity to Japan's young, "promising" corporate employees. By pointing to the mediation of large corporations in the landlord-tenant relationship, the paper brings these neglected actors into the framework of financialized rental housing, and puts the analysis into the broader context of employment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le secteur locatif privé a connu une croissance importante au Japon. Autrefois un secteur négligé du marché, il a été saisi par l'industrie financière au point de devenir le deuxième marché résidentiel de REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) dans le monde. Le présent article explore le développement des REITs résidentielles au Japon, dans un contexte de déclin démographique et de rétrécissement urbain. Il met en lumière les stratégies des grands groupes immobiliers japonais pour diversifier leurs activités et renforcer leur contrôle sur les quartiers recherchés du centre-ville de Tokyo, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives gouvernementales visant à revitaliser les marchés fonciers et à stabiliser le système bancaire par des produits de placement financier. Comme le montre l'article, la nécessité de répondre aux exigences des investisseurs financiers en matière de rendements a conduit les gestionnaires d'actifs des REITs à privilégier la location à des jeunes employés " prometteurs " de grandes entreprises japonaises. En soulignant la médiation des grandes entreprises dans la relation propriétaire-locataire, l'article fait entrer ces acteurs négligés dans le cadre de la financiarisation du logement locatif, et replace l'analyse dans le contexte plus large de l'emploi.

International audience ; Over the past two decades, Chinese cities have experienced real estate booms displaying clear signs of "bubble" elements, including, inter allia, prohibitive residential prices, an accumulation of debt, and severe overbuilding. In 2014, many media commentators claimed that Chinese property markets were about to burst. Yet house prices have started to rise again in major cities, and no significant slowdown has been recorded to date. This chapter addresses the challenges posed by China's residential market dynamics to the bubble theory. Adopting a political economy perspective that breaks with the approaches of real estate economics, it highlights the self-fulfilling logic of the housing booms, resulting from pervasive practices of land value capture by local governments. The paper stresses the inadequacy of the bubble framework to distinguish speculative and "fundamental" explanatory factors of price increases, and provides an alternative reading based on André Orléan's theory of conventions. It is argued that the asymmetric nature of the State's regulation of housing markets-a failure to rein in housing price hikes, yet efficiency in managing downturns-has played a crucial role in shaping the common representation of the market by investors. Beyond the challenge to bubble theory, China's experience of housing booms opens the way for the recognition of alternative paths to finance-led regimes of capital accumulation in the built environment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, les villes chinoises ont connu un boom immobilier qui a montré des signes évidents d'éléments de "bulle", y compris, entre autres, des prix résidentiels prohibitifs, un gonflement de la dette privée et une importante surproduction. En 2014, de nombreux commentateurs des médias ont affirmé qu'une bulle allait exploser sur les marchés immobiliers chinois Pourtant, les prix de l'immobilier ont recommencé à augmenter dans les grandes villes, et aucun ralentissement significatif n'a été enregistré à ce jour. Ce ...

International audience ; Over the past two decades, the private rental sector has grown significantly in Japan. Once an overlooked sector of the market, it has been seized by the financial industry to the point of becoming the second largest REIT residential market in the world. This paper explores the development of residential REITs in Japan, in a context of demographic decline and urban shrinkage. It highlights the strategies of major Japanese real estate groups to diversify their activities and strengthen their control over popular downtown Tokyo neighbourhoods, building on government initiatives to revitalize land markets and stabilize the banking system through real estate financial investment vehicles. As the paper shows, the need to secure financial investors' expectations of attractive returns has led REIT asset managers to target the vast majority of their leasing activity to Japan's young, "promising" corporate employees. By pointing to the mediation of large corporations in the landlord-tenant relationship, the paper brings these neglected actors into the framework of financialized rental housing, and puts the analysis into the broader context of employment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le secteur locatif privé a connu une croissance importante au Japon. Autrefois un secteur négligé du marché, il a été saisi par l'industrie financière au point de devenir le deuxième marché résidentiel de REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) dans le monde. Le présent article explore le développement des REITs résidentielles au Japon, dans un contexte de déclin démographique et de rétrécissement urbain. Il met en lumière les stratégies des grands groupes immobiliers japonais pour diversifier leurs activités et renforcer leur contrôle sur les quartiers recherchés du centre-ville de Tokyo, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives gouvernementales visant à revitaliser les marchés fonciers et à stabiliser le système bancaire par des produits de placement financier. Comme le montre l'article, la nécessité de répondre ...

International audience Over the past two decades, the private rental sector has grown significantly in Japan. Once an overlooked sector of the market, it has been seized by the financial industry to the point of becoming the second largest REIT residential market in the world. This paper explores the development of residential REITs in Japan, in a context of demographic decline and urban shrinkage. It highlights the strategies of major Japanese real estate groups to diversify their activities and strengthen their control over popular downtown Tokyo neighbourhoods, building on government initiatives to revitalize land markets and stabilize the banking system through real estate financial investment vehicles. As the paper shows, the need to secure financial investors' expectations of attractive returns has led REIT asset managers to target the vast majority of their leasing activity to Japan's young, "promising" corporate employees. By pointing to the mediation of large corporations in the landlord-tenant relationship, the paper brings these neglected actors into the framework of financialized rental housing, and puts the analysis into the broader context of employment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le secteur locatif privé a connu une croissance importante au Japon. Autrefois un secteur négligé du marché, il a été saisi par l'industrie financière au point de devenir le deuxième marché résidentiel de REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) dans le monde. Le présent article explore le développement des REITs résidentielles au Japon, dans un contexte de déclin démographique et de rétrécissement urbain. Il met en lumière les stratégies des grands groupes immobiliers japonais pour diversifier leurs activités et renforcer leur contrôle sur les quartiers recherchés du centre-ville de Tokyo, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives gouvernementales visant à revitaliser les marchés fonciers et à stabiliser le système bancaire par des produits de placement financier. Comme le montre l'article, la nécessité de répondre ...

International audience ; Over the past two decades, the private rental sector has grown significantly in Japan. Once an overlooked sector of the market, it has been seized by the financial industry to the point of becoming the second largest REIT residential market in the world. This paper explores the development of residential REITs in Japan, in a context of demographic decline and urban shrinkage. It highlights the strategies of major Japanese real estate groups to diversify their activities and strengthen their control over popular downtown Tokyo neighbourhoods, building on government initiatives to revitalize land markets and stabilize the banking system through real estate financial investment vehicles. As the paper shows, the need to secure financial investors' expectations of attractive returns has led REIT asset managers to target the vast majority of their leasing activity to Japan's young, "promising" corporate employees. By pointing to the mediation of large corporations in the landlord-tenant relationship, the paper brings these neglected actors into the framework of financialized rental housing, and puts the analysis into the broader context of employment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, le secteur locatif privé a connu une croissance importante au Japon. Autrefois un secteur négligé du marché, il a été saisi par l'industrie financière au point de devenir le deuxième marché résidentiel de REITs (Real Estate Investment Trusts) dans le monde. Le présent article explore le développement des REITs résidentielles au Japon, dans un contexte de déclin démographique et de rétrécissement urbain. Il met en lumière les stratégies des grands groupes immobiliers japonais pour diversifier leurs activités et renforcer leur contrôle sur les quartiers recherchés du centre-ville de Tokyo, en s'appuyant sur les initiatives gouvernementales visant à revitaliser les marchés fonciers et à stabiliser le système bancaire par des produits de placement financier. Comme le montre l'article, la nécessité de répondre aux exigences des investisseurs financiers en matière de rendements a conduit les gestionnaires d'actifs des REITs à privilégier la location à des jeunes employés " prometteurs " de grandes entreprises japonaises. En soulignant la médiation des grandes entreprises dans la relation propriétaire-locataire, l'article fait entrer ces acteurs négligés dans le cadre de la financiarisation du logement locatif, et replace l'analyse dans le contexte plus large de l'emploi.

International audience ; Over the past two decades, Chinese cities have experienced real estate booms displaying clear signs of "bubble" elements, including, inter allia, prohibitive residential prices, an accumulation of debt, and severe overbuilding. In 2014, many media commentators claimed that Chinese property markets were about to burst. Yet house prices have started to rise again in major cities, and no significant slowdown has been recorded to date. This chapter addresses the challenges posed by China's residential market dynamics to the bubble theory. Adopting a political economy perspective that breaks with the approaches of real estate economics, it highlights the self-fulfilling logic of the housing booms, resulting from pervasive practices of land value capture by local governments. The paper stresses the inadequacy of the bubble framework to distinguish speculative and "fundamental" explanatory factors of price increases, and provides an alternative reading based on André Orléan's theory of conventions. It is argued that the asymmetric nature of the State's regulation of housing markets-a failure to rein in housing price hikes, yet efficiency in managing downturns-has played a crucial role in shaping the common representation of the market by investors. Beyond the challenge to bubble theory, China's experience of housing booms opens the way for the recognition of alternative paths to finance-led regimes of capital accumulation in the built environment. ; Au cours des deux dernières décennies, les villes chinoises ont connu un boom immobilier qui a montré des signes évidents d'éléments de "bulle", y compris, entre autres, des prix résidentiels prohibitifs, un gonflement de la dette privée et une importante surproduction. En 2014, de nombreux commentateurs des médias ont affirmé qu'une bulle allait exploser sur les marchés immobiliers chinois Pourtant, les prix de l'immobilier ont recommencé à augmenter dans les grandes villes, et aucun ralentissement significatif n'a été enregistré à ce jour. Ce chapitre aborde les défis posés à la théorie de la bulle par les dynamiques des marchés résidentiels chinois. Adoptant une perspective d'économie politique qui rompt avec les approches de l'économie immobilière, il met en évidence la logique auto-réalisatrice des booms immobiliers, résultant de pratiques de captation de la rente foncière par les gouvernements locaux. L'article souligne l'inadéquation du cadre analytique de la bulles spéculative pour distinguer les facteurs spéculatifs et les facteurs explicatifs "fondamentaux" des hausses de prix, et propose une lecture alternative basée sur la théorie des conventions d'André Orléan. L'auteur soutient que la nature asymétrique de la réglementation des marchés du logement par l'État - une incapacité à contenir les hausses de prix des logements, mais une gestion efficace de prévention de la baisse des prix- a joué un rôle crucial dans la construction d'une représentation partagée du marché par les investisseurs. Au-delà de la remise en cause de la théorie des bulles, l'expérience de la Chine en matière de boom immobilier ouvre la voie à la reconnaissance de voies alternatives aux régimes d'accumulation de capital financier dans l'environnement bâti.