Suchergebnisse

The article contains an analysis of the content of the 12-part series entitled Saviour under the Birches. The main idea of the director, Leonid Eydlin, to show the audience the ordinary side of life, however related to faith and the search for the right decisions in difficult situations, was confronted with the comments of the viewers, posted under subsequent parts of the series on youtube.com, kinopoisk.ru, otzovik.com, and kino-teatr.ru. The source material is treated as a cultural text in the Lotman sense. Content analysis and the hermeneutic method, taking into account contexts, are the research methods. Analyses of the content of the series made it possible to show that Eidlin's intention to show Orthodoxy as a religion culture, based on the realities of everyday life of an ordinary man, preoccupied with material problems but also searching for the meaning of the problems affecting him in the non-material world. The analysis of Internet users' comments, in turn, showed that they identify their problems with those experienced by the characters in the series.

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN TOWARDS CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE UPON THE BACKGROUND OF THE WAR IN UKRAINE
The article attempts to analyze the politics of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards the Central and Eastern Europe during the war conflict in Ukraine, 2022. The aim of the study is to describe the tactic and strategic approach of the IRI to the abovementioned problem in order to answer the question about the power shift in Central Asia. An additional aim is to show the image of the USA and NATO as created by the IRI, and to point to the role of Poland in the IRI's tactical actions to sustain positive relations with Europe. The role of Russia, one of the most influential actors both in the European and in the Eurasian areas cannot be omitted.

Status and Functions of the Russian Intelligentsia in Post-totalitarian Society Transition from totalitarian to post-totalitarian type of society requires profound changes not only within institutional frames but also in the mentality of a society. In the case of Russia it is not the matter of coming back to the civil society mechanisms but creating them from anew, as the kind of citizen – state relations had not been spread to the whole society before the Soviet Union times. Intelligentsia could be an agent of the changes towards post-totalitarian state and social order. In this paper questions about the intelligentsia's status and role in the Russian society were posed. The idea of civil society coined in the times of the Decembrist was confronted with the mobilized type of governing. Intelligentsia, as perceived by the Russian society and experts on the one hand and its selfportrait on the other hand were discussed. An important question concerned the role of the Russian political opposition as the intelligentsia's ethos continuation. The conclusions were that the intelligentsia repeats the pattern which was first developed at the beginning of the 19th century: its idealistic members are ready to struggle for the common good but without common social support. The status of intelligentsia is perceived as high if about education and morality, but it diminishes when its leadership is concerned. In the Russian post-totalitarian society the state is still an agent to be followed. It takes Russians towards totalitarianism.

The presented paper is of a theoretical character. It includes a reflection on the mechanisms behind the rebirth of totalitarianism, using contemporary Russia as a case study. The research period taken as exemplification for the theoretical part comprises years 2000–2020 and was chosen for three reasons, mutually interconnected. The first among them is the election of Vladimir Putin, regarded as a strong symbolical representation of centralized state power, as the president of Russian Federation. Secondly, the consolidation of power in the hands of one man who had the tools to control and affect the political system. Thirdly, the modification of the Russian Federation Constitution to favor the durability of Putin's government. The presented results point to the mechanisms behind the activation of totalitarian tendencies in Russian culture in the light of long-lasting cultural paradigms: collectivism and con-centrism.

Analiza strategicznego znaczenia ropy naftowej jako jednego z podstawowych surowców irańskiej gospodarki i czynnika regulującego w dużym stopniu stosunki międzynarodowe musi zostać dopełniona o dogłębną analizę ropy naftowej jako symbolu niezależności Iranu i jego walki o niezawisłość i ochronę dobra narodowego. Jeśli ujmiemy Islamską Republikę Iranu jako zbiór trzech wzajemnie powiązanych ze sobą i współzależnych systemów: politycznego, społecznego i ekonomicznego, z których każdy pełni określone funkcje, to sfera symboliczna okaże się być najbardziej aktywna właśnie w obszarze kontaktów i więzi społecznych. System polityczny oddziałuje na społeczeństwo za pomocą symboli, które mogą zostać odkodowane nieświadomie, lecz zgodnie z założeniami decydentów politycznych. W tym wypadku ropa naftowa stanie się nie surowcem energetycznym, który można sprzedać lub kupić, lecz symbolem walki o niezawisłość Iranu.

CULTURAL STUDIES AS A CONCEPT ORGANISING THE EXPERIENCE OF CULTURECulture is constantly being created by man and is subject to change as a result of human self-reflection and self-identification. The cultural system does not exist in isolation, but interacts with other systems, which means that in the cultural system itself we may recognise decision-making processes, namely: what to accept, what to reject, how to include (or not include) new elements. Thus, it is necessary to organise our knowledge about the occurring processes and phenomena. The essence of cultural studies is expressed above all in the ordering of these processes and phenomena within the rich and dynamic field of culture.

Abstract: The analysis of strategic significance of the Iranian oil needs to be supplemented with the profound research in the area of its symbolic meaning. Combining those two approaches is necessary regarding the fact that economy is interrelated with the condition of the political system. If the Islamic Republic of Iran is viewed as a set of three interdependent systems: a political, a social and an economic one with specific function for each of them, then the symbolic area turns out to be most active in the field of social bounds and contacts. The political system imposes pressure on the society by an application of symbols. In such a case the Iranian oil becomes not fuel, which can be sold or bought, but a symbol of struggle for political and cultural independence. ; Analiza strategicznego znaczenia ropy naftowej jako jednego z podstawowych surowców irańskiej gospodarki i czynnika regulującego w dużym stopniu stosunki międzynarodowe musi zostać dopełniona o dogłębną analizę ropy naftowej jako symbolu niezależności Iranu i jego walki o niezawisłość i ochronę dobra narodowego. Jeśli ujmiemy Islamską Republikę Iranu jako zbiór trzech wzajemnie powiązanych ze sobą i współzależnych systemów: politycznego, społecznego i ekonomicznego, z których każdy pełni określone funkcje, to sfera symboliczna okaże się być najbardziej aktywna właśnie w obszarze kontaktów i więzi społecznych. System polityczny oddziałuje na społeczeństwo za pomocą symboli, które mogą zostać odkodowane nieświadomie, lecz zgodnie z założeniami decydentów politycznych. W tym wypadku ropa naftowa stanie się nie surowcem energetycznym, który można sprzedać lub kupić, lecz symbolem walki o niezawisłość Iranu.

The aim of this analysis of Nuri's writings is the creation of a model of culture which is based on the semantics of the notions qanun, eslam, mosvat, horriyat, mashrute/mashru'e, qanun-e asasi. Investigations into the model of culture proposed by Nuri will allow us to distinguish its specific features and to discover its roots and condition at the time of confrontation with an alternative model. The word qanun 'law' is the central one in Nuri's texts of the mashrute period. The history of its semantic transformation has its roots in the 1850s and the first contacts of the Iranian people with the West. Nuri inquired as to the semantics of the notions of qanun, mosavat, horriyat (azadi) and mashrute in discussions during the time of bast in Abdolazim mosque and in the conversations with representatives of the British embassy. He acted against these elements of law. He regarded himself as a religious leader for his community which, as a whole, constituted God's people whose final purpose was salvation.

Syberia in the Memories of the Polish Exiles. Case Study of the Zhukovsky Family
The story of the exiles of the Zhukovsky family is presented in the paper. Analyses were based on interviews with Dagmara, the daughter, two documentaries: On memory paths and Crust of Bread, and a manuscript written on the basis of Danuta and Bogusław recollections by Dagmara. Hypotheses of the paper were the following: a story of a family is the history of a nation. There is a parallel between historical events and an individual's fate. The ancestors, need to tell one's story and the descendants' need to hear it are reciprocal ones and can be interpreted as a cultural mechanism of incorporation new texts into a culture memory. On an individual level it gives rise to the feeling of dignity and power. Marianne Hirsch's theory of post‑memory and Yury Lotman's concept of 'remembering – forgetting' mechanism were utilized to present and interpret memories of Boguslav and Danuta Zhukovsky and their descendant – Dagmara. The reasons for reaching into the past and coming back to Syberia were also analysed.

ECONOMICS – POLITICS – SOCIETY: SYSTEMIC TRANSFORMATION SINCE THE OPENING TILL THE CLOSURE OF THE BORDERS – RUSSIA AFTER 1991
The article presents the breakthrough moments of the transformation of Russia as a dynamic system of interconnected elements and phenomena from the area of politics, economy and social life. The research period covered the years 1991-2021. The theoretical and methodological framework was provided by Marian Mazur's systemic approach. It allowed to assess the system through the prism of the functionality of its main modules and the deliberate impact on the environment. As a result, a model of the system was provided. It allows to recognize, order, and predict the processes within the system. The final conclusions are the following: Since 1991, Russia, included in the system treated as the interaction of three functional modules: power, management, and information, has gone through a path that has led its inhabitants back to the Soviet-era scheme. The above-mentioned modules, functioning in democratic countries independently, in the case of Russia merged into one – previously managed. The latter took over the functions of the others, becoming the source of all information. On the one hand, it acts as a centrifugal force, generating the binding perspective of reality, and on the other hand, it has a centripetal character, attracting all resources to maintain its status quo.

Celem artykułu jest podjęcie rozważań na temat wpływu wartości politycznych na procesy modernizacyjne, dokonujące się w Polsce i w Rosji. Autorki przyjmują, że system wartości wywiera istotny i często decydujący wpływ na proces przeobrażeń systemowych, jednocześnie wskazują na określone zmiany dokonujące się w obrębie systemów wartości Rosjan i Polaków w trakcie demokratycznej tranzycji. ; The article deals with the problem of political values and their role in the process of modernization. The authors stress the fact that values have a great impact on the current process of political and economic modernization both in Russia and in Poland and explore the changes in the system of values of the citizens.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the specificity and economic, informational, and human potential of the Belarusian opposition as sufficient or insufficient to replace Lukashenko's government. The complexity of the issue requires a multidisciplinary approach, which embraces knowledge of such areas as economy, media, international relations, social processes, and information management. The concept of homeostat was applied as a theoretical tool. It is treated as the module whose task is maintaining a functional balance of the system from the perspective of current processes.

The paper sheds new light on the Russian Federation's economic security problem in the face of sanctions and changing geopolitical balance in Central Asia. The novelty of the research perspective and, subsequently, the results and conclusions are expressed by combining an economic perspective with a cultural-political and media-centered approach. There were analysed the range of Russo-Iranian economic cooperation, the factors that make Iran a prospective partner for Russia and the role of the Russian media in shaping the picture of friendly future in bilateral relations. The conclusions are that the Russian "turn to the South" – towards Iran – was provoked not only by the sanctions imposed which decreased the economic security level but it also resulted from the previously established patterns of the Russian foreign policy.