Suchergebnisse

The negotiability of debt in Islamic finance : an analytical and critical study / Abdulaziz A. Almezeini -- Overview of some Islamic law and financ principles and concepts -- Islamic scholars and the negotiability of debt -- Criticizing the resolutions of Islamic Fiqh academies regarding the tradability of debts -- Conclusion.

When Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 it was one of the poorest countries in the world, relying on limited revenues from agriculture and pilgrimage. Today, Saudi Arabia's economy is heavily dependent on oil. Wealth derived from oil has transformed the Saudi society from a state of poverty to one of lavish consumption, by both government and individuals. A high rate of annual population growth, coupled with meagre natural resources, raises growing concern about the country's future. Are there alternative sources of income to replace oil as the major source of government income in the future? This perfect storm raises the possibility of a potential government financial crisis, if things remain as they are. The crisis will be beyond the government's control and will lead to economic, political and social instability. In this important work, Aldukheil explains what needs to be done, what needs to be reformed, and even gives policy recommendations to prevent a crisis in Saudi Arabia.

Les États-membres du Conseil de coopération du Golfe (CCG) se sentent directement concernés par les fractures du monde accélérées par la guerre en Ukraine. L'objectif du CCG est de contribuer à la stabilité mondiale au carrefour du « Sud global » en dialoguant avec tous les acteurs internationaux.

Abstract
There has been growing interest in and calls for wellness and well-being among the population. Scientific research has expanded the study of social well-being and its positive impact on human life since half-century. This study explores the measurement of social well-being within the context of global attempts to adapt codified measures of this concept. International studies have proven that the Social Well-Being Scale (SWBS) is an acceptable measure and has a high level of validity and reliability. This study adapts the short form of the SWBS to Arabic culture using a sample of Emiratis (N = 328). The results show that this scale is useful and accurate for assessing social well-being in Arab culture.

Being a dynamic social studies teacher assumes responsibility to produce better nation citizens. This study determined the effects of oral history approach in social studies teaching on elementary school learners' values improvement in Kuwait. A quasi-experimental group design was used in the study with thirty female students from the two grade five classes in Kuwait. These respondents were selected at random, with the permission and approval of their respective teachers. There was a significant difference between the mean scores of the pretest measurements in the national identity values. Likewise, there was also a significant difference between the mean scores of respondents' achievements in the posttest. With the use of an oral history approach to teaching social studies, the respondents exhibited well-grounded national identity values that may benefit the people and catapult the country's positive development. These values were indicative of creating high engagement within the classroom, increasing students' responses, and improving their national identity values through awareness of the country's oral histories. With the use of this approach as a critical part of the learning environment, it becomes an efficient tool for the respondents' personal and intellectual development.

Received: 7 May 2022 / Accepted: 25 August 2022 / Published: 2 September 2022

Le désengagement américain au Moyen-Orient est une réalité depuis Obama, même si l'ampleur du mouvement a été relativement réduite. Cela oblige cependant les États de la région à revoir leur position, d'autant plus que l'instabilité reste une réalité et que d'autres puissances, comme la Russie ou la Chine, y ont des intérêts.

Today's democratic and legal reforms around the world require the training of highly qualified legal personnel who meet modern international standards and the implementation of well-thought-out reforms that define the form, style and idea of education in the field of "jurisprudence.

PurposeThis paper reports a study that examines the role of the internal audit function as a cornerstone of corporate governance, on economic growth.Design/methodology/approachData were obtained from 108 countries for the period 2011–2015. The World Bank, the Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation and the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index were the data sources. Two statistical techniques were used: regression analysis to test the study hypotheses and the Chi-squared test to determine whether variations between countries.FindingsThe findings suggest that conformance with internal audit standards and maturity (in years) of the internal audit department contribute to economic growth. They also reveal a relationship between the professional standing of internal audit staff (represented by professional qualifications and number of training hours annually) and the contribution to economic growth, that being that the greater the professional standing of staff, the greater internal audit conformance to the standards and the higher the contribution to economic growth. Further, the findings reveal that the impact of internal audit on economic growth varies among countries according to income classifications.Originality/valueThe consideration of internal audit as one of the four fundamental bases of corporate governance, and therefore, its relationship with economic growth is a neglected topic in the research arena. This study addresses that shortcoming by providing worldwide evidence on the contribution of internal audit to economic growth and, thus, makes a new contribution to the literature. Further, evidence is provided to enlighten poorly performing economies of the value of mandating the presence of internal audit and the compliance of it with international internal audit standards.

Abdulaziz Omar Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UKCorrespondence: Abdulaziz OmarInstitute for Global Health, University College London, London, UKEmail a.omar94@hotmail.co.ukBackground: Despite healthcare facilities being deemed untouchable in times of conflict, the war in Syria has seen its government as well as opposition forces, target their people and infrastructure as a strategy of war. Violations of medical neutrality and International Humanitarian Law has led to the loss of countless medical personnel, civilians and health care facilities; setting the country back to health levels last seen thirty years ago. It is evident through the strategy of the Syrian and Russian government that healthcare facilities are being deliberately targeted with humanitarian organisations condemning all parties involved for violating the Geneva Conventions. The report examines the impact of the conflict in Syria on its health facilities and looks at the reasons why these services are under attack and the international response to the conflict. The report concludes by looking into plans currently implemented to protect our healthcare infrastructure during times of war whilst comparing it to past strategies.Methods: A literature review was conducted for the study with information and data collected through several search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, OVID and searches through Google. The keywords mapped to find relevant literature includes "Syria", "healthcare", "health care worker", "humanitarian aid", and "volunteer", "International Humanitarian Law", "Geneva Convention". The majority of the data used was adapted from Physicians for Human Rights (PHR) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). Limitations included using sources written in English due to limited resources to translate literature in Arabic.Results: The conflict in Syria and deliberate targeting of healthcare facilities has left services decimated with an estimated 782 medical personnel killed during this time; doctors accounting for 32% of total deaths in the five years. Several facilities are also operating at 1% or less functionality.Conclusion: The results and review highlight the need for protection of health facilities from humanitarian violations as health care continues to be targeted as a strategy of war. The number of attacks has steadily remained constant throughout the years and nothing seems to be done in bringing perpetrators to justice for violations of International Humanitarian Law. The paper calls for more public attention to shed light on the atrocities being committed and further inquiries like the preliminary carried out by The Lancet – American University of Beirut.Keywords: Syria, health attacks, international humanitarian law, health workers, health professionals