"Focusing on the processes of political socialisation and democratisation that took place in Spain during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this book brings together specialists who propose the need to rethink the contemporary history of democracy in Spain to build a new narrative. To do so, the authors go down to the local level, where they are able to trace a political culture that forged the foundations of a process of political "modernization" much more complex than what conventional historiography has conveyed, even though it was not always transferred institutionally to the national level. The idea of a rural Spain that was backward, apolitical, violent and unprepared for democracy gives way to a more interesting history which, while recognising the peculiarities of the country and the important limitations to democracy, shows examples that could help build a new narrative closer those of other neighbouring countries. Aimed at contemporary historians interested in Spain and Europe, the book also addresses the debates faced by other social scientists on the concept of democracy. This dialogue between history, sociology and political science is particularly present in a special final chapter featuring a discussion of democracy and its application to Spanish history"--
Análisis del Decreto-Ley 444 de 1967 y las reformas que se le hacen para crear el nuevo estatuto cambiario de Colombia. *Notas Editoriales publicadas en la Revista del Banco de la República, núm. 756, vol. LXIII, octubre de 1990.
En esta sección encuentra:1. Resumen: El objeto de la presente nota es analizar la evolución del endeudamiento del sector público con el Banco de la República en la presente década en particular durante los últimos años, con el fin de establecer en qué medida éste ha creado inconvenientes presiones monetarias a la economía, entorpeciendo las metas de estabilidad y crecimiento de largo plazo. Con este propósito, se muestran las series de endeudamiento, clasificadas según el origen normativo de cada crédito. Ello con el fin de separar los distintos componentes que hoy integran el saldo del crédito bruto al gobierno, el cual comprende desde cupos al Gobierno Nacional para financiar gasto sin destinación específica, o créditos para capital izar viejas deudas de algunas empresas del Estado con el Banco de la República según autorizaciones emanadas del órgano legislativo o de la Junta Monetaria, hasta la utilización de algunas operaciones contingentes que se han vuelto efectivas.2. Vida del Banco: incluye novedades, nombramientos y sucesos del Banco de la República.
En esta sección encuentra:1. Resumen: El origen legal del Fondo Financiero Agropecuario se encuentra en la Ley 5a. de 1973. Su administración se asignó al Banco de la República, mediante contrato suscrito entre éste y la Nación, con fundamento en la misma ley. El Gobierno Nacional presentó en la legislatura pasada un proyecto de ley por medio del cual se crea el Sistema Nacional de Crédito Agropecuario (S.N.C.A.). Allí se contemplan importantes modificaciones en los organismos que formulan y desarrollan la política agropecuaria del país. Dadas las implicaciones que tiene el proyecto para la financiación del sector agropecuario, parece apropiado tener una apreciación clara acerca de la contribución y desempeño del Fondo Financiero Agropecuario (FF AP), administrado por el Banco de la República durante las últimas dos décadas y comentar algunos de los cambios a que estaría sujeta su naturaleza y funciones. 2. Vida del Banco: incluye novedades, nombramientos y sucesos del Banco de la República.
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Imran Khan for the language and editing assistance. ; Obesity and sleep disturbances are both related to endocrine and metabolic alterations, cardiovascular disease, and impaired daytime functioning and mood. However, the bidirectional relationship between these conditions and the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential association of anthropometric and body composition parameters with sleep in young adults, considering the mediating role of sedentariness, physical activity, and diet. A total of 187 adults aged 18–25 (35.29% men) participated in the study. Body mass index (BMI), waist–hip ratio, and waist–height ratio were calculated, and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner was used to assess body composition. Sedentary time and physical activity, as well as sleep duration and quality, were objectively and subjectively measured using accelerometry and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. An inverse association was found between BMI and total sleep time (β = −0.165, p = 0.029). Waist–hip ratio and lean mass index were also negatively associated with total sleep time (β = −0.222, p = 0.007, and β = −0.219, p = 0.004) and sleep efficiency (β = −0.174, p = 0.037, and β = −0.188, p = 0.013). Sedentary time moderated by sex explained the association of BMI with total sleep time such that a high BMI was related to higher sedentariness in men which, in turn, was significantly associated with shorter sleep duration. Sedentary time is, therefore, a link/risk factor mediating the association of high BMI with short sleep duration in healthy young men. ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI13/01393 ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via Retos de la Sociedad DEP2016-79512-R ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via European Regional Development Funds (ERDF) ; Spanish Government FPU16/01093 ; Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Red EXERNET) DEP2005-00046 ; Fundacion Iberoamericana de Nutricion (FINUT) ; Redes Tematicas de Investigacion Cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID) RD16/0022 ; AstraZeneca ; University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016 Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES) ; Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades (ERDF) SOMM17/6107/UGR
Regular physical activity (PA) is an important part of the treatment of several medical conditions, including overweight and obesity, in which there may be a weakened appetite control. Eating behaviour traits influence weight control and may be di erent in active and sedentary subjects. This paper reports the relationships between the time spent in sedentary behaviour and physical activity (PA) of di erent intensity, and eating behaviour traits in young, healthy adults. Additionally, it reports the results of a six-month-long, randomized, controlled trial to examine the e ect of an exercise intervention on eating behaviour traits. A total of 139 young (22.06 2.26 years) healthy adults (68.35% women) with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.95 4.57 kg/m2 were enrolled. Baseline assessments of habitual PA were made using wrist-worn triaxial accelerometers; eating behaviour traits were examined via the self-reported questionnaires: Binge Eating, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and Control of Eating Questionnaire. The subjects were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (usual lifestyle), moderate-intensity exercise (aerobic and resistance training 3¨C4 days/week at a heart rate equivalent to 60% of the heart rate reserve (HRres) for the aerobic component, and at 50% of the 1 repetition maximum (RM) for the resistance component), or vigorous-intensity exercise (the same training but at 80% HRres for half of the aerobic training, and 70% RM for the resistance training). At baseline, sedentary behaviour was inversely associated with binge eating (r = -0.181, p < 0.05) and with uncontrolled eating (r = -0.286, p = 0.001). Moderate PA (MPA) was inversely associated with craving control (r = -0.188, p < 0.05). Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.302, p < 0.001) and uncontrolled eating (r = 0.346, p < 0.001), and inversely associated with craving control (r = -0.170, p < 0.015). Overall, PA was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.275, p = 0.001), uncontrolled eating (r = 0.321, p < 0.001) and emotional eating (r = 0.204, p < 0.05). Additionally, only emotional eating was modified by the intervention, increasing in the vigorous-intensity exercise group (p < 0.05). In summary, we observed that time spent in sedentary behaviour/PA of di erent intensity is associated with eating behaviour traits, especially binge eating in young adults. In contrast, the six-month exercise intervention did not lead to appreciable changes in eating behaviour traits. ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI13/01393 PTA 12264-I ; Retos de la Sociedad DEP2016-79512-R ; European Union (EU) ; Spanish Government FPU 13/04365 FPU19/01609 ; Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT) ; Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa (RETIC) Red SAMID RD16/0022 ; AstraZeneca ; University of Granada Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016 Excellence Actions Programme: Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES) ; Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2018 Bridging Contracts Programme ; Andalusian Regional Government, Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprises and University (ERDF) SOMM17/6107/UGR ; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) 440575
The study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393 and CB16/10/00239) and PTA 12264-I, Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R), and European Regional Development Funds (ERDF). Other funders included the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 16/05159, 15/04059 and 19/02326), the Fundacion Iberoamericana de Nutricion (FINUT), the Redes Tematicas De Investigacion Cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD16/0022), the AstraZeneca Health Care Foundation, the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016 (Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise, Nutrition and Health [UCEENS]), and by the Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades (ERDF, SOMM17/6107/UGR). AMT was supported by Seneca Foundation through grant 19899/GERM/15 and the Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities RTI2018-093528-B-I0, as well as DJP (MINECO; RYC-2014-16938). BMT was supported by an individual postdoctoral grant from the Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero. We thank Dr. Matt Smith of Embr Labs Inc. for configuring the Embr Wave (R) devices used in this experiment. ; Where people live and work together it is not always possible to modify the ambient temperature; ways must therefore be found that allow individuals to feel thermally comfortable in such settings. The Embr Wave (R) is a wrist-worn device marketed as a 'personal thermostat' that can apply a local cooling stimulus to the skin. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of an intermittent mild cold stimulus of 25 degrees C for 15-20 s every 5 min over 3.5 days under free-living conditions on 1) skin temperature, 2) perception of skin temperature, 3) sleep quality and 4) resting energy expenditure (REE) in young, healthy adults. Ten subjects wore the device for 3.5 consecutive days. This intervention reduced distal skin temperature after correcting for personal ambient temperature (P = 0.051). Thus, this intermittent mild cold regime can reduce distal skin temperature, and wearing it under free-living conditions for 3.5 days does not seem to impair the perception of skin temperature and sleep quality or modify REE. ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI13/01393 CB16/10/00239 ; PTA 12264-I ; Retos de la Sociedad DEP2016-79512-R ; European Commission ; Spanish Government 16/05159 15/04059 19/02326 ; Fundacion Iberoamericana de Nutricion (FINUT) ; Redes Tematicas De Investigacion Cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID) RD16/0022 ; AstraZeneca ; University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion ; Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades (ERDF) SOMM17/6107/UGR ; Fundacion Seneca 19899/GERM/15 ; Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities RTI2018-093528-B-I0 ; MINECO RYC-2014-16938 ; Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero
El objetivo de esta investigación fue generar una tipología de productores cafetaleros con base en variables de tipo social, cultural, económico y productivo para determinar las diferencias existentes entre ellos y ofrecer información a las instancias gubernamentales para que diseñen estrategias en pro del mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los pobladores. Se aplicó una encuesta a 145 productores cafetaleros en 2014, en el Distrito 005 de Fortín, Veracruz. Los resultados mostraron que los productores se clasifican en tres tipos: de subsistencia, transicionales y empresariales. Los de tipo empresarial son los que poseen mayor nivel tecnológico, mayor superficie, mayor ingreso capitalizable, mayor número de cortadores con pago, en comparación con los de subsistencia y transicionales. Por su carácter tradicional, el cultivo del café en este Distrito ha representado una opción de subsistencia y reproducción, más que social o de acumulación de riquezas o de capital con alta productividad económica.
Este libro presenta una investigación llevada a cabo por estudiosos relacionados al Banco de la República tales como Adolfo Meisel Roca y Alejandro López Mejía. En este texto se presenta el proceso de formación y evolución de esta institución a partir de sus antecedentes próximos y remotos en las áreas económicas y jurídicas; así como el impacto de este proceso en el desarrollo económico del país.
Background: Due to a clinical and public health interest of neck circumference (NC), a better understanding of this simple anthropometric measurement, as a valid marker of body composition is necessary. Methods: A total of 119 young healthy adults participated in this study. NC was measured over the thyroid cartilage and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the neck. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference were measured. A Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan was used to determine fat mass, lean mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Additionally, body mass index (BMI) and triponderal mass index (TMI), the waist to hip and waist to height ratios, and the fat mass and lean mass indexes (FMI and LMI, respectively) were calculated. Results: NC was positively associated in women (W) and men (M), with BMI (rW = 0.70 and rM = 0.84, respectively), TMI (rW = 0.63 and rM = 0.80, respectively), WC (rW = 0.75 and rM = 0.86, respectively), VAT (rW = 0.74 and rM = 0.82, respectively), Waist/hip (rW = 0.51 and rM = 0.67, respectively), Waist/height (rW = 0.68 and rM = 0.83, respectively) and FMI (rW = 0.61 and rM = 0.81, respectively). The association between NC and indicators of body composition was however weaker than that observed by BMI, TMI, WC and Waist/height in both women and men. It is of note that in women, NC was associated with FMI, VAT and LMI independently of BMI. In men, adding NC to anthropometric variables did not improve the prediction of body composition, while slight improvements were observed in women. Conclusions: Taken together, the present study provides no indication for NC as a useful proxy of body composition parameters in young adults, yet future studies should explore its usefulness as a measure to use in combination with BMI, especially in women. ; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness : DEP2016-79512-R, PTA 12264-I. Instituto de Salud Carlos III: PI13/01393. Retos de la Sociedad : DEP2016-79512-R. Spanish Government: FPU 13/04365. Fundacion Iberoamericana de Nutricion (FINUT). Redes tematicas de investigacion cooperativa RETIC : Red SAMID RD16/0022. AstraZeneca. University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence action: Units of Excellence. University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES). University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2018: Programa Contratos-Puente. Junta de Andalucia. European Union (EU): SOMM17/6107/UGR. Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero. Fundacion Carolina : C.2016-574961. Fondos Estructurales de la Union Europea (FEDER). University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2018: Programa Perfeccionamiento de Doctores.
Incluye material complementario ; Regular physical activity (PA) is an important part of the treatment of several medical conditions, including overweight and obesity, in which there may be a weakened appetite control. Eating behaviour traits influence weight control and may be different in active and sedentary subjects. This paper reports the relationships between the time spent in sedentary behaviour and physical activity (PA) of different intensity, and eating behaviour traits in young, healthy adults. Additionally, it reports the results of a six-month-long, randomized, controlled trial to examine the effect of an exercise intervention on eating behaviour traits. A total of 139 young (22.06 ± 2.26 years) healthy adults (68.35% women) with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.95 ± 4.57 kg/m2 were enrolled. Baseline assessments of habitual PA were made using wrist-worn triaxial accelerometers; eating behaviour traits were examined via the self-reported questionnaires: Binge Eating, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and Control of Eating Questionnaire. The subjects were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (usual lifestyle), moderate-intensity exercise (aerobic and resistance training 3¨C4 days/week at a heart rate equivalent to 60% of the heart rate reserve (HRres) for the aerobic component, and at 50% of the 1 repetition maximum (RM) for the resistance component), or vigorous-intensity exercise (the same training but at 80% HRres for half of the aerobic training, and 70% RM for the resistance training). At baseline, sedentary behaviour was inversely associated with binge eating (r = −0.181, p < 0.05) and with uncontrolled eating (r = −0.286, p = 0.001). Moderate PA (MPA) was inversely associated with craving control (r = −0.188, p <0.05). Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.302, p < 0.001) and uncontrolled eating (r = 0.346, p < 0.001), and inversely associated with craving control (r = −0.170, p < 0.015). Overall, PA was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.275, p = 0.001), uncontrolled eating (r = 0.321, p < 0.001) and emotional eating (r = 0.204, p < 0.05). Additionally, only emotional eating was modified by the intervention, increasing in the vigorous-intensity exercise group (p < 0.05). In summary, we observed that time spent in sedentary behaviour/PA of different intensity is associated with eating behaviour traits, especially binge eating in young adults. In contrast, the six-month exercise intervention did not lead to appreciable changes in eating behaviour traits. ; Funding for this work came from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393) and PTA 12264-I, Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R) and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 13/04365 and FPU19/01609), the Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT), the Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa (RETIC) (Red SAMID RD16/0022), the AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation, the University of Granada Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016 Excellence Actions Programme: Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES) and the Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2018 Bridging Contracts Programme and the Andalusian Regional Government, Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Enterprises and University (ERDF, SOMM17/6107/UGR). Also, international doctoral studies scholarship no. 440575 from the Mexican National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT).
