Suchergebnisse

The objective of this article is to discuss modern means of evidence collection by the enforcement agencies and their effects on the accused privacy under the United States’ law. Focus of this article is on the modern means of evidence collection such as electronic surveillance, wiretapping and technology eavesdropping, among others. In the age of modern technology, the objective of revealing the truth and instituting justice has encouraged those with an interest in matters of criminal justice to use modern means beside or instead of the conventional means of evidence collection. Resorting to modern means is premised on the need for criminal proceedings to reflect the circumstances and level of progress of the society where it has been taken. The main problem here however is that there is a possibility of the law enforcement interest in prosecution to be favored and the accused rights to be underrated. We found that at the US federal level, the accused’s privacy right is one of the rights included in the Bill of Rights in 1791 (Fourth Amendment) and supported by many case-law. The article adopts a legal analysis approach which is an accepted form of a qualitative method in social science research.

The purpose of this article is to discuss the rights of the accused person in the Sudanese legal system. Similar with other criminal justice systems, the Sudanese law do provide rights for the accused person to enable him or her to defend him or herself. These rights are considered as the core idea behind the thinking of human rights in the criminal proceedings. However the problematic issue here is to what extent does Sudanese law provide and protect the accused right especially the privacy right. It is also pertinent to balance the law enforcement interest in evidence collection in criminal proceedings with the privacy right of the accused in the Sudanese legal system. We found that there are evidence of privacy right protection on the accused within the Sudanese legal system. The result of this research shows that in Sudan, the privacy right was provided for the first time at the constitutional level in the T1973 Constitution (Articles 42 and 43). It has later received recognition in the 1985 Transitional Constitution (Articles 24 and 30), the 1998 Constitution (Article 29) and the 2005 Interim National Constitution (Article 37). At the statutory level, legislative protection is given to this right in the Penal Code 1991 (Section 166), the Code of Criminal Procedure 1991 (Sections 86 through 95) and the Informatic Offences (Combating) Act 2007 (Sections 16 and 6). The method adopted in this article is a qualitative content legal analysis of primary and secondary data obtained from legislation, case-law and various literature.

Eskom is a South African company that has developed from a state utility under apartheid into a competitive state-owned enterprise. This book draws on the knowledge about corporate governance in state-owned enterprises. It locates Eskom's experience in that context and argues that a state-owned enterprise can be run as efficiently as any other

Orthopedists are exposed to considerable radiation dose during orthopedic surgeries procedures. The staffs are not well trained in radiation protection aspects and its related risks. In Sudan, no regular monitoring services are provided for all staff in radiology or interventional personnel. Therefore, it is mandatory to measure staff and patient exposure in order to radiology departments. The main objectives of this study are to measure the radiation dose to patients and staff during (i) Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) (ii)Dynamic Canula Screw (DCS), estimate the risk of the aforementioned procedures and to evaluate entrance surface dose (ESD), organ and surface dose to specific radiosensitive patient's organs. The measurements were performed in two different departments: (i) Omdurman Military Hospital and (ii) Mulazimeen Hospital. The dose was measured unprotected organs of staff and patient as well as scattering radiation. Calibrated Thermo luminescence dosimeters (TLD-GR200) of lithium fluoride (LiF: Mg, Cu,P) were used for ESD measurements. TLD signal will be obtained using automatic TLD Reader model (PLC3). The mean patients' doses were 0.46 mGy and 0.07 for DHS and DCS procedures, respectively. The mean staff doses for thyroid and chest were 4.69 mGy and 1.21 mGy per procedure, at the same order. The mean radiation dose for staff was higher in DHS compared to DCS. This can be attributed to the long fluoroscopic exposures due to the complication of the procedures. Efforts should be made to reduce radiation exposure to orthopedic patients, and operating surgeons especially those undergoing spinal surgery. Well training, continuous monitoring and rich knowledge about hazard among orthopedist are starting steps to reduce radiation risk.