Suchergebnisse

The People's Republic of China's relations with selected members of the revistionary coalition – a case study on the example of Russia, Pakistan and Iran

There are many indications that China's unquestionable successes in expanding its own reserve of economic and military power have simultaneously awakened the national pride and ambitions of the Chinese people. This, however, has led to an awareness of China's limited ability to shape the international environment and to pursue its own interests in the international arena. As a result, the Chinese have adopted a revisionist policy with the aim of finally undermining the existing global order – after all, the ultimate goal is to achieve the position of hegemon (with all the benefits and responsibilities that implies). It should be noted, however, that a change of hegemon can only occur through a hegemonic war – which will result in the emergence of a new prestige hierarchy with a pretender as the new world leader. To prepare for a hegemonic clash, the People's Republic of China (PRC) is constantly expanding its economic and military influence (both internally and externally). Above all, China is trying to attract other dissatisfied states into its own coalition, forming the so‑called "revisionist coalition". To do so, the Chinese offer other countries potentially lucrative trade deals, extensive investment, low- or no‑interest loans and development assistance. This paper intends to popularize the author's perspective on hegemonic change within international relations – termed "hegemonic realism" as it best reflects the assumptions of the proposed theory. These theoretical assumptions and the author's model of hegemonic change will be used in the rest of the article to analyze the dynamics of the relations between selected revisionist states and China as a contender for global hegemony. The author's thesis is that states join the revisionist coalition in order to increase their own military and economic power. The case study will focus on China's relations with Russia, Pakistan and Iran – all of which are seen by the author as key allies of the PRC on the Asian continent – due to their resources of power and revisionist policies. The study used secondary research sources, including academic publications and journalistic articles in Polish and English. Three methods were used in the research process: comparative analysis, historical‑critical method and desk research method.

Kryzys na wschodniej granicy Unii Europejskiej był w roku 2021 prawdopodobnie jednym z potencjalnie kluczowych zagrożeń dla bezpieczeństwa w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej. W obliczu pogarszającej się sytuacji na granicy polsko-białoruskiej, w Polsce względnie popularna stała się koncepcja zaangażowania w roli mediatora Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej – o czym świadczyły liczne artykuły na czołowych portalach internetowych (jak Money.pl, Onet.pl czy Rp.pl) oraz wzrost zainteresowania tym tematem w mediach społecznościowych (zaobserwowane przez autora w szczególności w dyskusjach na portalu Twitter). U jej podstaw leżało przekonanie, iż oba państwa stanowią istotne miejsce w chińskiej polityce gospodarczej – ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich roli tranzytowej w ramach Nowego Jedwabnego Szlaku. Niniejszy artykuł ma być próbą odpowiedzi, na ile owa koncepcja mogła się urzeczywistnić oraz ile tak naprawdę Mińsk i Warszawa znaczą dla Chin?

China's perspective on the crisis on the European Union's eastern border (2021-2022)

The crisis on the European Union's eastern border was probably one of the possible key security threats in Central and Eastern Europe in 2021. In the face of the deteriorating situation on the Polish-Belarusian border, the idea of engaging the People's Republic of China as a mediator became relatively popular in Poland – as evidenced by numerous articles on leading Internet portals (such as Money.pl, Onet.pl or Rp.pl) and the increased interest in this topic in social media (observed by the author in discussions on Twitter in particular). At its core was the belief that the two countries represent an important place in China's economic policy – with a particular emphasis on their transit role within the New Silk Road. This article is intended as an attempt to answer to what extent this concept may have come to fruition, and how much do Minsk and Warsaw really mean to China?

The issue of energy resources in the PRC foreign and security policy is a relative novelty in Polish and foreign science. In this paper, the supply of key non-renewable energy resources such as coal, oil and natural gas to the State of China will be analyzed in detail. Own resources of individual fossil fuels, their consumption and import will be presented. The said data will be presented quantitatively in the form of tables and graphs. The selected timeframe, covering the years 1989 - 2012, will allow to analyze the change in the situation over several Chinese "five-year plans" (from "seven" to "twelfth"). The purpose of this analysis is to identify significant challenges and threats for the People's Republic of China due to the increasing use of raw materials such as coal, gas and oil. The author intends to answer the following questions: Is China a self-sufficient state in the supply of energy resources? What kind of energy resources prevail in China? For how long will Chinese resources last?

Among scholars, commentators as well as decision makers there is a consensus about the vital importance of the problem of a state's economic security in the 21st century. At the same time, however, a threat that reoccurring trade deficits can pose on a country's economic development seems to lack any wider debate. The author's intention is to attempt to fill the gap in the public debate on the issue in question. One of the aims of the this article is to provide an adequate definition of economic security and situate it in the field of research on security as well as to present the actual knowledge on the influence of international trade on economic development. Finally, the author will attempt to answer the question of whether an inconsiderate trade policy should be regarded as a threat to state's economic security. ; Wśród badaczy, komentatorów i decydentów panuje konsensus odnośnie tego jak ważne w XXI wieku jest zagadnienie bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa. Jednocześnie brak jest szerszej debaty nad zagrożeniem, jakie mogą stanowić powtarzające się deficyty handlowe dla rozwoju gospodarczego kraju. Autor zamierza podjąć próbę uzupełnienia debaty publicznej w tym zakresie. Elementem pracy jest próba sformułowania odpowiedniej definicji bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego i jego umiejscowienie w ramach badań nad bezpieczeństwem oraz przedstawienie aktualnego stanu wiedzy na temat wpływu handlu międzynarodowego na rozwój gospodarczy. Na zakończenie autor podejmie próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy rzeczywiście nierozważną politykę handlową należy uznać jako zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego państwa.

This essay investigates mutual relations between China, Russia and Ukraine during the five month groundbreaking period between November 2013 and March 2014, in which failed attempts to suppress anti-government demonstrations (in particular in the so-called Maidan) brought about a change of the government. Meanwhile Russia, taking advantage of political instability in Ukraine, contributed to further destabilization of the country and forced the annexation of Crimea. The essay features an account of these events along with an overview of the PRC's stand on them. The utterances of Chinese diplomats together with government press statements will be scrutinized here in order to answer the questions of whether Beijing intends to get more involved in solving world's crises than it used to up until now as well as whether it means to play a major role in the world's politics in general.

The main objective of this article is to present potential research opportunities offered by the analysis of conditions, structure and instruments of the foreign policy of the country. The secondary objective is to present several potentially interesting research scenarios using the presented approach. For the purpose of these analyses, selected definitions of foreign policy functioning in the mainstream of Polish science (by leading researchers of international relations) and included in English-language publications of renowned foreign publishers will be presented. Then, the authors' definition of foreign policy will be proposed based on these publications. In the following subsections there will be a presentation of selected elements of foreign policy analysis in the form of its determinants, structure and instruments. In their research, the authors used secondary research material in the form of scientific articles in Polish and English. The method used in the research is the method of content analysis.

The main objective of this article is to present potential research opportunities offered by the analysis of conditions, structure and instruments of the foreign policy of the country. The secondary objective is to present several potentially interesting research scenarios using the presented approach. For the purpose of these analyses, selected definitions of foreign policy functioning in the mainstream of Polish science (by leading researchers of international relations) and included in English-language publications of renowned foreign publishers will be presented. Then, an author's definition of foreign policy will be proposed based on these publications. In the following subsections there will be a presentation of foreign policy selected by the elements of foreign policy analysis in the form of its determinants, structure and instruments. In their research, the authors used secondary research material in the form of scientific articles in Polish and English. The method used in the research is the method of content analysis. ; Celem wiodącym niniejszej pracy jest przybliżenie potencjalnych możliwości badawczych, jakie daje analiza uwarunkowań, struktury oraz instrumentów polityki zagranicznej państwa. Wtórnym celem jest zaś prezentacja kilku potencjalnie interesujących scenariuszy badawczych z wykorzystaniem przedstawionego ujęcia. Na potrzeby niniejszych rozważań przytoczone zostaną wybrane definicje polityki zagranicznej funkcjonujące w głównym nurcie polskiej nauki (autorstwa czołowych badaczy stosunków międzynarodowych) oraz zawarte w anglojęzycznych publikacjach renomowanych wydawnictw zagranicznych. Następnie w oparciu o nie zaproponowana zostanie autorska definicja polityki zagranicznej. W kolejnych podrozdziałach znajdzie się prezentacja wybranych przez elementów analizy polityki zagranicznej w postaci jej uwarunkowań, struktury oraz instrumentów. W swoich badaniach autorzy wykorzystali wtórny materiał badawczy w postaci opracowań naukowych w języku polskim i angielskim. Metodą wykorzystaną w badaniach jest metoda analizy treści.

The main objective of this article is to present potential research opportunities offered by the analysis of conditions, structure and instruments of the foreign policy of the country. The secondary objective is to present several potentially interesting research scenarios using the presented approach. For the purpose of these analyses, selected definitions of foreign policy functioning in the mainstream of Polish science (by leading researchers of international relations) and included in English-language publications of renowned foreign publishers will be presented. Then, the authors' definition of foreign policy will be proposed based on these publications. In the following subsections there will be a presentation of selected elements of foreign policy analysis in the form of its determinants, structure and instruments. In their research, the authors used secondary research material in the form of scientific articles in Polish and English. The method used in the research is the method of content analysis.

The main objective of this article is to present potential research opportunities offered by the analysis of conditions, structure and instruments of the foreign policy of the country. The secondary objective is to present several potentially interesting research scenarios using the presented approach. For the purpose of these analyses, selected definitions of foreign policy functioning in the mainstream of Polish science (by leading researchers of international relations) and included in English-language publications of renowned foreign publishers will be presented. Then, the authors' definition of foreign policy will be proposed based on these publications. In the following subsections there will be a presentation of selected elements of foreign policy analysis in the form of its determinants, structure and instruments. In their research, the authors used secondary research material in the form of scientific articles in Polish and English. The method used in the research is the method of content analysis.