Suchergebnisse

Sean & Cristina Cristina Adams, Sean McMillan Abstract: Welbrook is a town renowned for its exorbitantly high crime rate and controversial government policies. The citizens of Welbrook are forced to take IQ tests at 17 years of age and are thereby placed in society. There are four classes: the Elite, A class, B class, and C class (or the �criminal class�). C class citizens are blamed for the crime in Welbrook and are treated horribly by Welbrook�s government. They are denied housing, restricted from work, and cannot send their children to Welbrook Academy. As a result, those born into the C class stay there. You, the player, are from out of town. You enter the city from the bus station, the end of the line. In order to escape this city, you must find your way into the capitol, while surviving the night waves of crime. Gather Hero Points by successfully resolving encounters with crime and stay vigilant for clues as to what�s really going on in this city.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização e comparação dos consumos alimentares domésticos de duas comunidades caboclas localizadas numa região de várzea sazonal (Ilha do Ituqui, Santarém-PA) no Baixo Amazonas (1995-97). Especial ênfase é dada ao papel da agricultura no consumo alimentar destas populações. Os resultados obtidos indicam níveis elevados de consumo protéico em relação ao calórico, pela população local, relativa instabilidade sazonal das fontes de energia e crescente dependência de itens alimentares industrializados. Apesar deste perfil, produtos localmente produzidos e obtidos, como a farinha de mandioca e o peixe, ainda representam grande parte da estrutura dietética destas populações. Somado a isto, um amplo leque de atividades de subsistência e de mercado, bem como a exploração de diferentes zonas ecológicas na obtenção de alimento, foram observados, desmistificando algumas das pressuposições dominantes até recentemente sobre a homogeneidade e simplicidade das estratégias produtivas destas populações.

The sustainability of shifting cultivation is presently a topic of debate in scientific and institutional communities; however, there is no current consensus. To address this debate, we performed a search of the pertinent literature that was published during the last 30 years on the impact of shifting agriculture on tropical soils. This search revealed that the nature of the impact depends on the shifting cultivation system (SCS) phase (conversion, cultivation, or fallow) and on the soil properties (physical, chemical, and biological). We also suggest soil quality indicators for evaluating this agricultural practice in tropical forests, which may be used as a basis for analyses on the tendencies of conservation and degradation of impacted soils. Future research should improve the choices of these indicators, relying mostly on practical criteria, so they can be used by shifting cultivators.

A agricultura de corte e queima é praticada há milhares de anos nas áreas florestadas do planeta, principalmente nas regiões tropicais. Sua prática envolve uma gama de técnicas que denotam seu caráter diversificado e itinerante, aproveitando o capital energético da floresta em recomposição. Muitos estudos atestam a sustentabilidade desses sistemas quando praticados tradicionalmente e sob baixas densidades populacionais, mantendo, ou mesmo, promovendo a biodiversidade local e garantindo a subsistência de muitas populações pobres rurais. No entanto, é crescente na literatura acadêmica e no debate político o papel que a agricultura de corte e queima vem desempenhando no desmatamento e demais impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos. Esse processo é conseqüência das mudanças no uso do solo, da intensificação agrícola e do aumento demográfico que, estão alterando as práticas e comprometendo a sustentabilidade desses sistemas agrícolas tradicionais. No rastro dessas preocupações, este estudo traz uma revisão do tema na literatura com os objetivos de traçar um panorama geral do que foi produzido até o momento, identificar as principais correntes teóricas envolvidas e apontar as alternativas propostas para sua manutenção.

Shifting cultivation systems (SCS) are currently restricted to tropical areas. The classical nutrient flow model for SCS considers increasing soil fertility from the conversion phase, with the addition of nutrients contained in the biomass that was slashed and burned, and made available through ash. This study assessed the impacts of the conversion and cultivation phases on soils subjected to an SCS practiced quilombola populations of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. We used a diachronic method in six experimental plots divided into two fallow age classes (10-15 and 25-30 years). The results showed that fire does not have a primary role in the cycling and maintenance of the stock of nutrients in the soil/vegetation complex. Furthermore, the soil fertility status was not significantly altered during the conversion and cultivation phases. Thus, the quilombola SCS shows specificity and that soil fertilization does not necessarily occur during the conversion and cultivation phases of SCS. The soils from fallow areas between ten and 30 years have eutrophic fertility conditions in relation to the mature forests, and are therefore viable from an agronomic standpoint. Therefore, the data on the impact of the quilombola SCS on soils concur as proscribed by law.

Anthropologists know that conservation often disempowers already under-privileged groups, and that it also fails to protect environments. Through a series of ethnographic studies, this book argues that the real problem is not the disappearance of "pristine nature" or even the land-use practices of uneducated people. Rather, what we know about culturally determined patterns of consumption, production and unequal distribution, suggests that critical attention would be better turned on discourses of "primitiveness" and "pristine nature" so prevalent within conservation ideology, and on the historically formed power and exchange relationships that they help perpetuate

This document contains the draft Chapter 3 of the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Governments and all observers at IPBES-7 had access to these draft chapters eight weeks prior to IPBES-7. Governments accepted the Chapters at IPBES-7 based on the understanding that revisions made to the SPM during the Plenary, as a result of the dialogue between Governments and scientists, wouldbe reflected in the final Chapters.IPBES typically releases its Chapters publicly only in their final form, which implies a delay of several months post Plenary. However, in light of the high interest for the Chapters, IPBES is releasing the six Chapters early (31 May 2019) in a draft form. Authors of the reports are currently working to reflect all the changes made to the Summary for Policymakers during the Plenary to the Chapters, and to perform final copyediting.