Suchergebnisse

Upon their return from exile after World War II, Surrealist writers and artists encountered a Parisian intellectual climate transformed by the legacy of the Resistance and nascent Cold War political and cultural battles. Once at the centre of the inter-war avant-garde, Surrealists endured accusations of irrelevance issued by Existentialist writer Jean-Paul Sartre and Communist Party taunts of anti-revolutionary tendencies, advanced by Louis Aragon and others. Yet Surrealism retained and attracted many supporters and as such still constituted a potent threat to Sartre's and Aragon's groups. This paper employs Pierre Bourdieu's concept of boundaries to explore exchanges between and strategic positioning of these cultural entities. In order to fully legitimise their cultural relevance, Existentialist and Communist writers defined the discursive boundaries of their groups in part by comparing themselves with Surrealism. Paradoxically, their very public engagement with the tenets of Surrealism attests to the continued influence of the post-war Surrealist movement.

This article is a history of the creation of the Naval Science class within the Library of Congress Classification System (LCCS) during that system's fashioning and development at the turn of the twentieth century. Previous work on the history of classification and especially of the LCCS has looked closely at the mechanics of the creation of such systems and at ideological influences on classification schemes. Prior scholarship has neglected the means by which ideologies are encoded into classification systems, however. The present article examines the history of a single class by looking at the ideological and political assumptions behind that class and the means by which these assumptions were written into the LCCS. Specifically, we argue that the Naval Science class resulted from a concerted effort by naval theorists to raise their field to the status of a science, the interest of Washington's political class in this new science as a justification for imperial expansion, and a publishing boom in naval matters as the American public became eager consumers of such work during the Spanish-American War. This complex narrative thus illustrates the manifold influences on the creation of any classification system and asks us to consider that multiplicity of influences, whether we as librarians teach about existing systems or work to build new ones. ; Cet article relate l'histoire de l'ajout de la catégorie Sciences navales au système de classification de la Bibliothèque du Congress (B.C.) durant son élaboration et son essor au tournant du vingtième siècle. Les travaux antérieurs sur l'histoire de la classification, notamment celle du système de classification de la B.C., ont examiné de près les mécanismes de création de tels systèmes et les influences idéologiques sur les schémas de classification. Cependant, les études précédentes ont négligé les moyens par lesquels les idéologies se retrouvent encodées dans les systèmes de classification. Le présent article examine l'histoire d'une seule catégorie en se penchant sur les hypothèses idéologiques et politiques à l'origine de celle-ci, ainsi que les moyens par lesquels ces hypothèses ont été intégrées au système de classification de la B.C. Plus précisément, nous avançons que la catégorie des Sciences navales résulte d'un effort concerté par les théoriciens navals pour faire de leur domaine une science ; de l'intérêt porté par la classe politique de Washington à cette nouvelle science pour justifier l'expansion impériale ; et de l'essor de l'édition sur le sujet pour satisfaire un public américain devenu friand de ces travaux au cours de la guerre hispano-américaine. Cet exposé illustre ainsi la complexité des influences variées qui s'exercent sur la création d'un système de classification, et nous invite à examiner la multiplicité des influences à titre de bibliothécaires qui enseignent les systèmes existants ou qui s'emploient à en créer de nouveaux.