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It is of particular concern that despite slavery being abolished in international law with a clear international legal framework existing (ILO Conventions, Slavery Convention, Supplementary Convention and Palermo Protocols) which criminalises slave labour and human trafficking and imposes duties on state actors, these practices are condoned by both state and non-state actors. The world of sports for instance, is a lucrative industry generating a significant level of income, which sometimes exceeds states' GDP. The FIFA world cup is the biggest sporting event that oversees countries bidding to host. The benefits to a host country include tourism, creation of jobs, accommodation and transport infrastructure. Qatar will be hosting the next world cup in 2022 and have come under intense scrutiny and criticism for abusive labour practices. Recording 185 Nepalese deaths in Qatar in 2013 while building world cup infrastructure, an estimation of the death of 4000 migrant workers before the launch of the word cup. FIFA's mission to build a better future for all through football has been questioned while Qatar officials echoed the outrage stirred by media reports expressing shock at the deplorable conditions migrant workers have been subjected to. In collaboration with the International Labour Organisation (ILO), Qatar has agreed to oversee reform with enforcement mechanisms in place to ensure maximum protection for over 2 million migrant workers, with the ultimate aim of scrapping this exploitative system of sponsored labour. Although Qatar has duties under international law and has to report to the United Nations and the ILO, the question is whether oversight can be exercised over international sports organisations where main actors/stakeholders such as FIFA are captured under this framework. FIFA was prompted to take action on particular issues and to take an active stance against certain abusive labour practices, which prevail in Qatar. This paper is contributing to the ever-increasing debate that in a globalised society, we need to move away from the state-centred focus of international law and move towards creating legal frameworks that capture non-state actors, creating binding obligations on them. This paper provides an insight into practices condoned by states, which create avenues for the perpetration of this transnational crime. With a growing discourse on the emergence of modern slavery and human trafficking on the political and legislative agenda, and with human trafficking estimated to generate billions in illicit proceeds, this discussion re-ignites the debate that activities of state and non-state actors need to fall within the sphere of international law in combatting modern slavery and human trafficking.

Includes bibliographical references. ; Children are the future of a nation and the hope for a better tomorrow. For a country to develop, the rights of a child should be of paramount concern to the government of the nation. These rights include, but are not limited to, the right to adequate standard of living, health care, education, play and recreation, protection from abuse, negligence and exploitation. Unfortunately, many children are denied these rights and the joy of childhood by being involved in child labour as a means to survive. In Nigeria, child labourers engage in all forms of labour and this is becoming widespread. The major causes of increasing incidence of child labour in Nigeria are the prevailing unemployment rate in the country, poverty, illiteracy, household size, culture and family structure. Several writers have written on the increasing incidence of child labour and the prohibition of child labour. Some writers have also written on the underlying major causes and health consequences of child labour in Nigeria. Although it may be impossible to totally eradicate child labour in Nigeria however, ultimate consideration to strategies and mechanisms on how to eradicate the worst forms ofchild labour in Nigeria is yet to be analysed. This is pertinent bearing in mind that Nigeria has ratified the ILO Convention on Worst Forms of Child Labour. This dissertation aims to address some of these issues by focusing on why children work as child labourers and the consequences and effects of child labour on the growth and development of the child. It will also analyse the efforts made by the International Labour Organisation and International Programs for the Elimination of Child Labour in eradicating the worst forms of child labour in Nigeria. Furthermore, this dissertation will attempt to determine what accounts for gaps in effective implementation of international laws on child labour ratified by Nigeria and national legislation enacted to prohibits the worst forms of child labour. Finally, it will suggest possible state and policy interventions, in the form of strategies and mechanisms, that could eradicate the worst forms of child labour in Nigeria.

This paper examines corruption as enemy of peace in the society which has become undesirable omen to socio-political and economic development in Africa especially Nigeria. Regrettably efforts at ensuring peace and harmony which are the hallmarks of societal development have been impaired by the ravaging storm of corruption. The more the mechanism put in place to abate the consequential effects of corruption the higher the perpetration of the syndrome in the society .Indeed it appears as if every Nigerian is imbibed with the culture of corruption. As a corollary corruption is nothing but a rape on good governance and societal development. It is noteworthy that once any process is corrupted the resultant effect would be non-performance and retrogression characterized with underdevelopment. Hence attaining peace and harmony becomes utopia in the real sense of it. Thus it is not uncommon for masses to start scouting for the avenue to engage in corruption since it has become the order of the day as far as our society is concerned. The work relies on both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The data sources are complemented with the administration of questionnaires and oral interview with relevant stakeholders and members of the public to elicit more information about the consequential impact of corruption. The study raises fundamental question about the place of corruption in politics and socio-economic development of Nigeria with a view to providing lasting solutions to it.

Nigeria is currently facing attacks and violence from Boko Haram terrorist group, which is threatening its territorial integrity, sovereignty, peace, and political stability. This has been one of the major issues affecting the development of the country since 2009. The expansion of the group since inception from a non-violent group to an internationally recognized terrorist group has been attributed to two factors: Lack of trust in the political system and the dissatisfaction of the citizens with the economic policies of the government, inflation, and poverty. Thus, the aim of the research work is to understand the implications of the terrorist group on political and economic development in Nigeria. This thesis analyses the implication of Boko Haram on political and economic development of the country and how it has increase inflation, poverty and poor standard of living to the citizens. Keywords: Terrorism, Nigeria, Boko Haram, National Development, Insecurity ; ÖZ: Nijerya, Boko Haram terör örgütü tarafından saldırılara uğramaktadır ve söz konusu durum ülkenin toprak bütünlüğünü, egemenliğini, barış ve huzuru ve siyasi istikrarı tehdit etmektedir. Bu olay, 2009 yılından itibaren ülkenin kalkınmasını etkileyen başlıca meselelerden olmuştur. Başlangıcında şiddet-dışı bir grup olan Boko Haram, zaman içerisinde uluslararası anlamda terörist örgüt olarak tanımlanan bir grup haline dönüşmüştür. Bu dönüşümün gelişmesi iki etkene dayandırılmaktadır: Siyasi sisteme olan güven eksiksiği; ve, vatandaşların hükümetin ekonomi politikalarına, enflasyona, ve yoksulluğa karşı olan hoşnutsuzluğu. Bu bağlamda tez, Boko Haram terör örgütü faaliyetlerinin Nijerya'nın ulusal gelişiminde birçok olumsuz etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu hususta tezin tavsiyesi, hükümetin sorunun kök nedenlerini çözmeyi ele alması ve buna ilaveten silahlı kuvvetleri terör grupları ile mücadele kapsamında gelişmiş silah sistemleri ile donatması gerektiği yönündedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Terörizm, Nijerya, Boko Haram, Ulusal Kalkınma, Emniyetsizlik ; Master of Arts in International Relations. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, 2019. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Nuray Ibryamova.

Over a decade, the violent conflicts in Jos have remained recurrent and have defied all peacemaking mechanisms put in place. This research assesses the conflicts from 2001 to 2010, and the challenges militating against durable peace in Jos. The study employed the use of primary and secondary data. The study found that conflicts in Jos are caused by numerous factors, amongst which are struggle over political power, resources, incompatible cultures and values. The challenges militating against durable peace include, but are not limited to proliferation of arms, inadequacies of the judicial sysytem, lack of functional rehabilition of victims and polarization.These conflicts have been intense with far reaching effects on the people, economy and integration of the state and country at large.

This article examines the foreign policy of Mauritania towards its North African states neighbors and other African states. The basis of Mauritania's foreign policy is decolonization, the liberation movement, apartheid, and minority regime. Additionally, policies towards the East, the West, the United States, and the United Nations are discussed. Post independence changes, Colonial legacy, the economy, and the Polisario guerrillas and the war will continue to be important factors in determining foreign policy in Mauritania.