Suchergebnisse

Many countries seek to improve women's economic participation with the introduction of targeted laws and regulations. The impact of these reforms appears significant, although the supporting evidence is stronger in some areas than others. This insight paper considers the impact of legal discrimination and the absence of protective legislation on women's economic outcomes, namely employment and earnings. It also explores the various pathways or channels through which laws and regulations affect those outcomes. An understanding of those mechanisms is important to the effective design and implementation of gender equal and gender sensitive laws and policies. A survey of the literature uncovered five key pathways that individually and in combination can help structure and improve the understanding of how legal reform impacts women's employment and earnings. The available literature offered more causal evidence in some reform areas, namely property rights, retirement, and divorce laws, than in others. Empirical evidence from the remaining areas (childcare leave policies, occupational segregation, legal capacity within marriage) still establishes significant and strong associations, especially in the first area, between the studied legal reforms and women's economic outcomes. Findings reported in the area of legal protections from violence and discrimination remain limited and inconclusive. There is a significant gap in the literature in terms of studies covering certain reforms in developing countries which undermines the generalizability of the findings. The paper concludes that although legal reform is not enough to bring about change, it is a critical first step in initiating social change and promoting women's economic participation and women's employment in the formal sector.

"Arap devleti" de İbn Haldun'un betimlediği gibi devlet hayat döngüsünün beş aşamasından geçmiştir. Ayrıca birçok dönüşüme de tanık olmuştur. Bu bağlamda siyasi ve toplumsal dönüşümleri ve birbirleriyle olan etkileşimleri nasıl analiz edebiliriz? Şu zamana kadar bildiğimiz kadarıyla "Arap devletinin" çöküşü ile "yeni" olanın yükselişi arasında kalan bu mevcut özel aşamayı İbn Haldun'un teorisi ışığında nasıl anlayabiliriz? Bu yeni aşama, Arap Baharı sonrasında daha aşikâr bir hal almış olan etnik çatışmalarla nitelendirilmektedir. Despotizm ve şiddetten kurtulmak için olası çıkış yolları nelerdir? Bu makalede bu sorulara İbn Haldun'un mevcut olaylar ve Arap dünyası bağlamına ilişkin teorik çerçevesi uygulanarak cevap verme çabası bulunmaktadır. ; The "Arab state" has also gone through phases, the five stages of the state life cycle as described by Ibn Khaldun, and it has also known many transformations. How can we analyze these political and social transformations and how are they interacting with each other from a Khaldunian perspective? How can we understand this current particular phase between the fall of the "Arab state", as we've known it until now, and the rise of a "new" one in the light of Ibn Khaldun's theory? A new phase characterized by ethnic conflicts that have taken a more apparent and obvious form in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. What are possible avenues to get rid of despotism and violence? The present paper is an attempt to answer these questions applying Ibn Khaldun's theoretical framework to the current events and context of the Arab world.

The "Arab state" has also gone through phases, the five stages of the state life cycle as described by Ibn Khaldun, and it has also known many transformations. How can we analyze these political and social transformations and how are they interacting with each other from a Khaldunian perspective? How can we understand this current particular phase between the fall of the "Arab state", as we've known it until now, and the rise of a "new" one in the light of Ibn Khaldun's theory? A new phase characterized by ethnic conflicts that have taken a more apparent and obvious form in the aftermath of the Arab Spring. What are possible avenues to get rid of despotism and violence? The present paper is an attempt to answer these questions applying Ibn Khaldun's theoretical framework to the current events and context of the Arab world. ; "Arap devleti" de İbn Haldun'un betimlediği gibi devlet hayat döngüsünün beş aşamasından geçmiştir. Ayrıca birçok dönüşüme de tanık olmuştur. Bu bağlamda siyasi ve toplumsal dönüşümleri ve birbirleriyle olan etkileşimleri nasıl analiz edebiliriz? Şu zamana kadar bildiğimiz kadarıyla "Arap devletinin" çöküşü ile "yeni" olanın yükselişi arasında kalan bu mevcut özel aşamayı İbn Haldun'un teorisi ışığında nasıl anlayabiliriz? Bu yeni aşama, Arap Baharı sonrasında daha aşikâr bir hal almış olan etnik çatışmalarla nitelendirilmektedir. Despotizm ve şiddetten kurtulmak için olası çıkış yolları nelerdir? Bu makalede bu sorulara İbn Haldun'un mevcut olaylar ve Arap dünyası bağlamına ilişkin teorik çerçevesi uygulanarak cevap verme çabası bulunmaktadır.

AbstractThe position of women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is a complex topic, difficult to comprehend without allowing for socio‐cultural norms, legal frameworks and the global gender context. In thinking about a practical framework for action, the free market perspective is relevant and necessary. However, this alone does not seem to provide a complete answer to the problem of promoting women's economic status. This article makes the case for the importance of market‐friendly, but also gender‐sensitive, policies to promote women's economic freedom and hence women's emancipation in the MENA region.