Suchergebnisse

AbstractThis article explores the routine precautions taken by sex workers (SW) in Switzerland, a country in which sex work is a legal activity. It is based on approximately 1100 h of non-systematic participant observation spread over 18 months and 14 semi-structured interviews with indoor and outdoor SW. The findings show that SW use a series of routine precautions that overlap with the situational prevention techniques for increasing perpetrators' efforts or their perception of the risk of offending, reducing the rewards of the crime, and decreasing the provocations and perpetrators' excuses. Future tests of the efficacy of these routine precautions could help developing specific situational crime prevention techniques for deterring offences against SW.

This article highlights the research potential of the European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS), which the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights had conducted twice across Europe by 2021. It begins with an overview of the EU-MIDIS project before concentrating on the second survey (EU-MIDIS II) conducted in 2015 and 2016 (N=25,500), the database of which is available in open access. The paper focuses on the main findings of the EU-MIDIS II in Spain, where the sample was composed of migrants from North Africa and people of Roma ethnicity (N=1,563). The main findings of the survey provide helpful insights into a form of victimisation that is usually absent in official criminal statistics, yet the Spanish EU-MIDIS II database is a mine of information waiting to be exploited. This article proposes a series of analyses that could be performed, including logistic and ordinal regression, as well as mediation modelling, which could identify the variables that influence minorities' discrimination and victimisation. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the EU-MIDIS project are discussed.

Este artículo presenta una reseña de las encuestas de victimización llevadas a cabo en Europa hasta el año 2009. En la primera parte se describen las características de las grandes encuestas internacionales y europeas de victimización de hogares e individuos (ICVS, EU ICS y estudios piloto para una encuesta europea), de comercios (ICBS/ICCS), de mujeres (IVAWS) y de minorías étnicas (EU-MIDIS), así como los Eurobarómetros que incluyeron preguntas sobre victimizaciones. En la segunda parte se presentan las encuestas realizadas en cada uno de los 27 países de la Unión Europea. Para terminar, se analizan brevemente los principales desafíos a los que se enfrentan actualmente las encuestas de victimización nacionales e internacionales, incluyendo sus costes, técnicas de muestreo y entrevista, e implicaciones de política criminal.This paper reviews European victimization surveys until 2009. In the first part, we describe the characteristics of the big scale international and European victimization surveys in households and individuals (ICVS, EU ICS and pilot studies), businesses (ICBS/ICCS), women (IVAWS), and ethnic minorities (EU-MIDIS), as well as Eurobarometers that included questions about victimization. In the second part we present surveys that have taken place in the 27 European Union countries. We finish briefly analyzing the most important challenges for national and international victimization surveys, including costs, survey and mode techniques, as well as implications for criminal policy.

Cet article étudie la situation des étrangers détenus dans les prisons européennes ainsique son évolution entre 1989 et 2006. Les analyses sont basées sur des données issues desStatistiques Pénales Annuelles du Conseil de l'Europe (SPACE) qui portent sur les populations carcérales dans la presque totalité des pays européens. Elles s'intéressent notamment à la situation dans les États membres de l'Union Européenne (UE), tout en tenantcompte de la date de leur adhésion à l'UE, mais contiennent également des références àdes États non-membres. Après avoir comparé le nombre de détenus étrangers à traversl'Europe, nous analysons le rapport entre les données carcérales (pourcentage de détenus étrangers dans la totalité de la population carcérale et taux pour 100000 habitants)et des indicateurs démographiques pour chaque pays (pourcentage d'étrangers dans lapopulation carcérale en comparaison à celui des étrangers dans la population globale dechaque pays). Finalement, nous abordons le lien entre le nombre de détenus étrangers etdes indicateurs tels que le niveau économique et la situation géopolitique des pays.

Cet article retrace les grandes étapes de l'évolution des sondages de délinquance autoreportée des années 1940 à nos jours. Des premières échelles de délinquance aux sondages autoadministrés les plus sophistiqués, l'apparition de nouvelles données est mise en parallèle avec la remise en question des théories classiques de la criminologie et le développement d'explications alternatives. Après avoir défini les concepts de fiabilité et de validité d'un indicateur, ce texte présente quelques problèmes liés à ces dimensions ainsi que différents moyens de les tester afin d'évaluer les sondages autoreportés en tant qu'indicateurs de la délinquance.

This is the sixth edition of a data collection initiative that started in 1993 under the umbrella of the Council of Europe and has been continued since 2000 by an international group of experts. These experts also act as regional coordinators of a network of national correspondents whose contribution has been decisive in collecting and validating data on a variety of subjects from 42 countries. The Sourcebook is composed of six chapters. The first five cover the current main types of national crime and criminal justice statistics – police, prosecution, conviction, prison, and probation statistics – for the years 2011 to 2016, providing detailed analysis for 2015. The sixth chapter covers national victimization surveys, providing rates for the main indicators every five years from 1990 to 2015. As with every new edition of the Sourcebook, the group has tried to improve data quality as well as comparability and, where appropriate, increase the scope of data collection. This new edition will continue to promote comparative research throughout Europe and make European experiences and data available worldwide

Analysing the evolution of imprisonment and community sanctions in Europe from 1990 to 2010 this article tests whether community sanctions have been used as alternatives to imprisonment or as supplementary sanctions. The results show that both the number of persons serving community sanctions and the number of inmates have continuously increased in almost all European countries during the period studied. A comparison with the evolution of crime rates shows that the latter cannot explain such trends and suggests that, instead of being alternatives to imprisonment, community sanctions have contributed to widening the net of the European criminal justice systems. The analyses also show a wide diversity in the use of community sanctions across Europe where, in 2010, the ratio between inmates and persons serving community sanctions varied from 2:1 to 1:3. In a comparative perspective, Finland, Norway and Switzerland seem to have found a reasonable balance between the use of imprisonment and community sanctions.

The study presented in this book is a direct response to the needs for defining and registering criminal and judicial data on the European level. Based upon work done in creating the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics (ESB), the project results will improve and complement the standards developed so far for definitions and statistical registration in four fields (police, prosecution, courts, prison), in order to contribute to the picture of criminal justice in Europe. Possibilities to optimize the offence definitions used so far in the ESB context were explored. Also, further crime types, especially those subject to EU-harmonized definition, were tested and introduced. Apart from this, the prosecution chapter of the ESB questionnaire was changed and expanded. Data collection possibilities regarding compulsory measures in the investigatory stage were tested, and a more sophisticated approach for recording sanctions and measures as well as prison data was developed. The study explored how far national statistics can provide such data and developed a concept for collation on European level. It was funded by the European Commission under the AGIS 2006 program.