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Globalisation has diverse definitions and concepts.1
Globalisation has many facets and has a variety of social, political and
economic implications. This term introduced in early 1980, which never
precisely defined, is a frequently used word in the political economy.
It simply means growing integration of the national economies, openness
to trade, financial flows, foreign direct investment and the increasing
interaction of people in all facets of their lives. Globalisation also
implies internationalisation of production, distribution and marketing
of goods and services. International integration implies the adoption of
common policies by the individual countries. Between 1870 and 1914, the
world was integrated into a single word economy dominated by one power:
Great Britain. The government functions were limited and faced many
constraints like gold standard and lack of freedom to pursue easy
monetary policy. Later governments were burdened by performing many
functions like achievement of macroeconomic goals—full employment,
economic growth and price stability. Freedom of using macroeconomic
policies resulted in greater integration of national economies but at
the same time they led to international disintegration and
interdependence. Streeten (1998) argues that today global market forces
can lead to conflict between states, contributing to international
disintegration and weakened governance. Before 1914, the world was more
integrated than it is today but it did not prevent the First World
War.

The main concern of this volume is to explore various aspects
of the research methodology relating to population dynamics. The authors
belong to different disciplines, and in the nineteen contributions here
which are categorised under five major themes, they examine various
avenues relating to the assessment of population issues from their own
perspectives. The first two papers ("Implicit Theoretical Assumptions in
Research Designs" by Hubert M. Blalock Jr. and "Conceptual Models in
Population Studies" by K. Mahadevan) emphasise the need for greater
sensitisation of the researcher to a broad range of implicit assumptions
in the research design for data analysis, and to the utilisation of
appropriate conceptual frameworks for modern empirical research. Blalock
rightly points out the general tendency of researchers to develop what
he terms "intellectual blinders" to overlook the shortcomings of the
design they adopt, and the tendency to stress the weaknesses of the
unfavoured design strategies. He is also concerned about the
generalisability issues when convenience of choice in the subject's
location in social psychology is excused on the grounds that it is also
done by most others. He observes that the exposure of graduate students
to the methodological literature is brief and, in many cases, it is only
a "nuts and bolts treatment" of measurement issues with "a rather heavy
emphasis on whatever technique happens to be fashionable at the time, or
at their own universities, rather than a more thorough grounding on the
nature of the theoretical assumptions that undergird the particular
technique. As a result, they know how to use and churn out research
papers that enable them to display their expertise. But they are not
being trained to examine the approach in question from the standpoint of
gaining a deeper understanding of the theoretical rationale that
underlies it". (p. 34).

Although disability has been the area of concern in the domain
of such disciplines as social welfare and public health, the serious
concern on the demography of disability as an important research subject
has emerged only recently. In the less developed countries where most of
the world popUlation lives, the rapid decline in mortality with little
reduction in fertility, under the conditions of underdevelopment,
nutritional deficiencies, insufficient coverage for health, inadequate
sanitation and safe water facilities, has been contributing to the
increasing number of disabled persons. This is because the availability
of modern medicine, even to an inadequate extent, has contributed to the
reduction in mortality, but many of those who survive become permanently
disabled. Apart from the differences in data collection systems in
different countries and the problems associated with such approaches,
the variations in prevalence of disability are partly attributed to such
factors as differential chronic and infectious disease patterns;
differential life expectancy; the age structure of populations and
population composition; differential nutritional status; differential
rates of exposure to environmental, occupational and traffic hazards;
and variations in public health practice [United Nations. (1990)]. In
developed countries where the increase in life expectancy had started to
occur earlier than the developing countries, the decline in fertility
led to the growing proportions of the elderly in their population. As
the proportion of the elderly popUlation in the total population gets
larger the proportion of the disabled become conspicuous. This is
because in both developed and deVeloping countries the age structure of
the disabled popUlation is predominantly elderly in comparison to the
overall population age structure. It has been observed that in such
developed countries where the ageing process has gone furthest, the
number of disabled persons have increased rapidly. [Okoliski
(1986).]

The main focus of the book is on the description of analytical
findings of a study based on a demographic survey of Delhi conducted in
1970. The considerations for analysis of data collected from 5,624
currently married females aged below 40 years at the time of the survey,
included the testing of several hypotheses on socio-economic factors
affecting fertility behaviour. The book, apart from containing an
interesting foreword by Ashish Bose, consists of seven chapters and
appendices. One of the chapters provides a review of the theories and
issues concerning the factors and conditions influencing fertility
behaviour. Another chapter relates to the demographic literature on
fertility and family planning within India and provides a brief history
of the regional surveys including those which were primarily designed to
investigate various socio-economic, psychological and demographic
variables affecting fertility and family planning.

The paper provides a demographic view of disability patterns
in Pakistan, and also highlights the inadequacies and inconsistencies of
data, especially those provided by the census. Besides assessing the
prevalence of disability by age, gender considerations, nature of
disability and reasons of disability, the paper examines such features
among the disabled population as their work participation, training,
self-sufficiency and dependence on the help of the others. Even though
the estimates of disability worked out from the 1984-85 Survey of
Disabled Population are relatively more realistic, the need for
broadening and standardisation of the concepts and adoption of improved
survey procedures for better coverage and diagnostics is clearly
evident. The high prevalence of disability and the fact that nearly half
of the total disabilities occur due to disease, more than a third are by
birth, and about 15 percent are due to accidents, clearly point towards
the need for preventive and curative health facilities and imparting of
proper awareness among the people. The association of disability
prevalence with the prevailing conditions of fertility, health,
education and socio-economic circumstances, observed from the results
have important policy implications for the country. The study which has
attempted to provide a view of disability patterns in Pakistan, and to
highlight some of the covariates of disability rate, represents a
beginning of a demographic concern in this important area.

Analytical efforts to understand the factors which influence
population growth and the variables which affect fertility behaviour
have become the concern of most social scientists. Studies done to look
at the interrelationship between population growth and economic
development have mostly used the viewpoints of economics and demography.
The economists belonging to different schools of thought have treated
the population question differently: while some of them have treated
population growth as an exogenous variable, others have considered it to
be endogenous. The economist's decision-making model of fertility
behaviour, which considered children as an economic good, was developed
as an extension of the conceptual framework of the micro-economic model
of a consumer's decision-making process in allocating a restricted
budget to alternative uses. The validity of the application of an
economic theoretical framework to household fertility behaviour has,
however, been questioned by many social scientists.

The need for a serious consideration of demographic phenomena
and the global concern for a systematic and continuous assessment of
population dynamics was stimulated by the growing momentum of population
growth, especially in the developing countries. Awareness of the
imperativeness of demographic assessment began to grow when efforts for
social and economic development were systematically initiated in the
developing countries. The process of demographic assessment requires
availability of data about different aspects of population, in
particular, size, age-sex distribution and geographical distribution not
only at a given point of time but also at different points of time. Data
are also needed on births and deaths in the population. The basic and
most important concern is with assessing the base population along with
its necessary characteristics, and with working out the basic
demographic parameters of fertility and mortality. Collection of data,
estimation of basic parameters, and analytical efforts for an
understanding of the role of socioeconomic and demographic variables are
all a part of demographic assessment.

The Population Growth Estimation (PGE) experiment of Pakistan,
launched in 1961 to collect data on births and deaths through a sampling
approach, yielded estimates of vital rates for the years 1962 through
1965. The statistics obtained through the PGE for each of the former two
wings of the country namely West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East
Pakistan (now Bangla¬desh) were included in the two reports on PGE which
also provided a description of the project design and some of the
results [4, 5]. The overall aim of the PGE was to arrive at reliable
estimates of birth and death rates through improved coverage by the
simultaneous use of Longitudinal Registration (LR) and retrospective
Cross-sectional Survey (CS), which were each independently carried out
in the same sample areas. The purpose behind using the two systems was
that either the registration or the survey when used alone would miss
some events of births and deaths which had actually occurred, whereas
under the dual system if one system failed to cover some events, the
other was likely to pick these up and vice versa.

The information released in the Census Bulletin is limited to
total popu¬lation down to district levels and for major cities, by sex.
Details about age distribution and breakup by other characteristics will
be released later. The conclusions drawn in this paper are tentative,
subject to modification after details of the age-sex distribution and
results of post enumeration quality check are known. The 1972 census
differed from the previous ones in a number of ways. First, the census
was carried out only in West Pakistan. Second, because of the
circumstances leading to the separation of East Pakistan, the census
which was due to be held in early 1971 was actually conducted in 1972,
eleven years and eight months after 1961 census, instead of ten years
which has been the normal practice in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent
since 1881. Third, the 1972 census was based on a schedule of
enumeration consisting of only six questions, the minimum number ever
asked in the census taking history of the region. These questions
covered the following information about each member of the
household:—

The 'Green Revolution' of the late sixties was caused by the
development of high responsive seeds (HRS) and the increased
availability of irrigation water. New dwarf varieties of rice and wheat
developed for tropical and sub¬tropical regions have a higher
grain-nutrient response than traditional varieties. Potential increase
in yields per acre with the introduction of HRS are of the order of 50
to 200 per cent, given sufficient doses of chemical fertilizers and
proper cultural practices [2, p. 58]. Since the introduction of HRS is
confined to wheat and rice, the relative productivity of competing crops
has changed substantially. In addition to government policies of input
subsidies (water and fertilizers), price support (wheat and rice),
protection (sugar-cane), and an overvalued exchange rate have affected
the profitability of crops unevenly. This has provided an incentive to
the farmers to change their land use patterns. This paper analysis the
impact of the 'Green Revolution' and Government policies to assess the
resulting efficiency of land use.

The use of deep public tubewells on a large scale in areas
where the twin menace of waterlogging and salinity emerged as a serious
threat to the fertile irrigated lands in the Punjab was the first major
effort which the Govern¬ment undertook in the shape of SCARPS (Salinity
Control and Reclamation Projects) in order to effectively combat
waterlogging and salinity. SCARP-I, the Pilot Project under this
programme was launched in the central Rachna Doab area of the Punjab—the
area found to be worst affected by the menace. This project involved
installation of more than 2000 tubewells of medium to large size, with
pumping capacity varying from two to five cusecs, at a substan¬tial
capital and maintenance cost. As the expenditure involved was large it
was essential to keep a continuous watch on the performance of tubewells
and project their future behaviour in terms of their discharge. The
question most relevant to the cost-benefit study of such a project is
obviously the estimates of expected length of time for which the
tubewells could go on func¬tioning efficiently with routine
maintenance.