Suchergebnisse

The effects of devaluation or depreciation on the trade
balance of a country are usually examined by the Marshall-Lerner [ML]
condition, which states that if the sum of the absolute values of
imports and exports demand price elasticities is greater than one,
devaluation is expected to improve the trade balance of a country. Some
Structural Adjustment Reforms were started with the help of IMF and
World Bank in 1982-83 with the objective of improving the efficiency of
the economy by increasing the role of the private sector. The reforms
included the delinking of the Rupee from US dollar in January 1982,
price deregulation of a large number of products, denationalisation of
industry, imports liberalisation and export expansion [Khan (1994)]. The
successive governments have taken a number of steps to pursue an
extensive liberalisation of the trade regime in addition to taking a
number of export measures. Exchange and payment reforms were also
implemented [Pakistan (1991-92)].

Pakistan's agriculture is almost wholly dependent on
irrigation and irrigated land supplies more than 90 percent of
agricultural production. Irrigation is central to Pakistan's economy.
Massive investments in irrigation contributed to the development of one
of the largest Indus Basin Irrigation System. Despite heavy budgetary
inputs in irrigation system, it is facing shortage of resources and
suffering from operational problems. The sustainability of irrigated
agriculture is threatened due to problems of waterlogging and salinity,
inadequate operation and maintenance, insufficient recovery of O&M
expenditure, inequitable distribution, environmental degradation,
institutional issues etc. The growing scarcity of water sets the future
stage for intensive competition over water between agriculture and
non-agricultural users. The growing need for food and fibre requirements
of increasing population further limits the per capita availability of
water. Due to the limited prospects for expanding irrigation facilities,
the projected increase in irrigated agriculture will have to come from
significant improvement in the performance of existing systems.
Policy-makers and planners are of the view that Pakistan's irrigated
agriculture requires new strategies to enhance input efficiency and
maintain and improve the quality of the resource base and to get the
irrigation system out of crises. There is a global movement for
searching a new type of relationship between the managers of irrigated
agriculture and farmers. Such options are being considered by government
at various levels to put the system on sustainable development path. In
addressing the environmentally sustainable water resource management in
Pakistan, the paper makes an attempt to provide an over-view of water
resource issues and options.

Background:Caesarean section has become an emerging issue and catching attention worldwide. Shared decision-making among families and individuals has become a fashion and the main reason for women's preference for caesarean section. There are many societal factors that play an important role in unnecessary caesarean sections. Objective: To evaluate the driving factors influencing the women's preference and decision-making for caesarean section at the mother's request. Material and method: Qualitative research design used in this study via face-to-face in-depth interviews in a public-sector Faisalabad. IDI was conducted at the convenient time of the participant at the time of their antenatal visits. The interview's time was 30 to 40 minutes. The study's participants were pregnant women. A purposive sampling method was used. Data analysis was done on Nviovo software. Results: After transcribing the data, codes were made which leads to the basic themes with their sub-themes. The themes which were the influencing factors in women's preference and shared decision-making towards caesarean section were: child and maternal health, peer pressure (husband/mother-in-law/society influence), financial influence and hospital management (shortage of staff). Conclusion: The percentage of non-indicated caesarean sections has drastically increased day by day in the last ten years. There should be introduced some strategies for the education of women about pro cons and indications or non-indication for caesarean section.Patients' and peer preferences should be deliberated with healthcare practitioners. Healthcare staff should explain the indications of caesarean section at the time of antenatal.

Islam holds the balance of justice in the right manner and insists on examining all the conditions and circumstances associated with the offence because Islam is the most natural way of life on account of its suitability, sustainability and flexibility towards human nature. No other legal system in the world has been created for the public interest, the way the Islamic law has been created. This paper focuses upon the flexibility in the implementation of Islamic criminal law (Hudood) in modern society. Islam has made laws that aim to eliminate the causes of crime and not to antagonize the criminal. Sharia imposes preventive punishments which may appear cruel or rough if gazed at without proper consideration. But if contemplated closely, Islam does not execute such punishments unless it discovers that the crime was not justifiable or that the criminal was not acting under any obligation or certain circumstances. The Holy Prophet (SAW) was very careful in the establishment of Hudood because not all crimes were of the same nature and therefore, the same punishments could not be enforced for them. Hence, while applying punishments to crimes; the Holy Prophet (SAW) took into consideration the nationality, personal situations, financial stature and status of the criminal. Thus the Hudood of Allah would be established and the criminal would still have a path to correct him/her and seek forgiveness.