Suchergebnisse

Decentralized district-based health planning is essential in India because of large inter-district variations. Presently, there are 640 districts in India with an average population of two million per district. There is a need for studying the performance of family planning programs at district level. Current paper aims to explore the district-level differences in the use of modern family planning methods (mCPR) in rural areas, changes in contraceptive usage over time, and the association between changes and macro-level socio-demographic characteristics. Current paper uses data from the third round of District Level Household Survey conducted in 2007–08 (DLHS-3) and the latest round of National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–16 (NFHS-4). The sample size for representing a district varies from 1000 to 1500 households in DLHS-3 and 836 to 1800 households in NFHS-4. Out of the total 640 districts as per Census 2011, the 506 districts which have common geographical boundary in DLHS-3 and NFHS-4 have been considered for analysis. Results show a wide variation in mCPR at district level in India. Only 91out of 506 districts have more than 64% mCPR, majority being from Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra, and Punjab. Six out of 10 districts have CPR below 50% and majority of them being from central, north-eastern, and eastern regions of India. Since 2007–08, there has been significant decline in them CPR among half of the districts (256/506), majority decline being in the southern and western regions of India. Only in 69 districts mCPR increased by more than 10 percentage points from 2007–08 to 2015–16. At the same time, it declined by more than 5 percentage points in onethird of the districts. Findings reveal that marginal changes in female literacy, child marriage, unmet need for spacing family planning methods, antenatal care and institutional delivery have no impact on mCPR over time, but significant changes in these contextual factors of more than 10 percentage points increase/decrease have greater impact ...

Purpose: South Asian region is a focal point owing to its vulnerabilities to climate-sensitive diseases, dependence on climate-sensitive livelihoods, projected levels of crop decline in the region, and high rates of poverty and malnutrition. Women are particularly vulnerable to climate change and this affects women disproportionately during different extreme events. The purpose of this paper is to understand the issue of climate change and its impact, and climate resilience among women in South Asia. Further, it also identifies the gaps and suggests future policy implications. Design/methodology/approach: Climate change is increasingly being recognised as an alarming issue and the present review is important when South Asian countries are facing the brunt of climate change impacts. This paper tries to understand the issue by review of the literature and conceptual framework methodology. To understand women's vulnerability due to climate change and its aftermath, the authors conducted both offline and online desk reviews for this study. Findings: The findings of this study show a clear linkage between climate change and women's vulnerabilities in South Asia. Climate change has significant socio-economic impacts on women, and it affects them disproportionately in various domains of agriculture, livelihood, food security, both physical and mental health, water and sanitation in the South Asia region. Practical implications: The paper also highlights that the programmes that aim at combating the effects of climate change require a gender-sensitive approach so that climate change does not obstruct the development and reduction of poverty in the region. Social implications: The findings of this paper will add value in helping families to come out of poverty by undertaking adaptive measures with proactive assistance from the government and grassroots level organisations. Originality/value: The present study also advocates for more gender- and climate-sensitive measures from governments, and implementation of ...