Suchergebnisse

The authors would like to thank the children and their parents for their participation in the study. ; High blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and sodium consumption is related to high BP. Moreover, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) influence BP. For this reason, we investigated whether: 1) children with risk of elevated BP had a higher consumption frequency (CF) of energy-dense salty foods (EDSF), high-sugary foods (HSF) and SSB or a low DASH score; and 2) children with a higher CF of EDSF showed a worse anthropometric and metabolic profile. Anthropometry, BP and general biochemical parameters were measured in 687 Spanish children (5–16 years) with normal or excess weight. A food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate EDSF, HSF and SSB consumption, and modified DASH score. Results showed that sex and pubertal stage influenced modified DASH score. Diastolic hypertension was associated to higher CF of EDSF in the whole sample and to higher CF of SSB in pubertal children, both independently of nutritional status. In addition, CF of EDSF was positively associated with CF of HSF and SSB and inversely associated with modified DASH score. Targeted policies and intervention programs, specific for different age ranges, should be established that aim to reduce salt consumption from snacks and processed foods, which could reduce HSF and SSB consumption as well. ; Funded by the Ministry for Science and Innovation (GENOBOX PI11/01425, PI11/02042, PI11/02059; PUBMEP PI16/00871, PI16/01301, PI16/012) and SAMID (RD08/0072/0028) and CIBEROBN (CB15/00131, CB15/00043) networks. AIR was funded by a Juan de la Cierva-Formación stipend (FJCI-2014-19795). GPG was funded by a predoctoral fellowship from the Government of Aragón.

Obesity is a multifactorial disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of fat in adipose tissue and peripheral organs. Its derived metabolic complications are mediated by the associated oxidative stress, inflammation and hypoxia. Oxidative stress is due to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species or diminished antioxidant defenses. Genetic variants, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms in antioxidant defense system genes, could alter the efficacy of these enzymes and, ultimately, the risk of obesity; thus, studies investigating the role of genetic variations in genes related to oxidative stress could be useful for better understanding the etiology of obesity and its metabolic complications. The lack of existing literature reviews in this field encouraged us to gather the findings from studies focusing on the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress-producing systems and transcription factor genes concerning their association with obesity risk and its phenotypes. In the future, the characterization of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in obese patients could contribute to the development of controlled antioxidant therapies potentially beneficial for the treatment of obesity-derived metabolic complications. ; The present study was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS) (project number: PI11/02042 and PI05/1968); Redes temáticas de investigación cooperativa (RETIC), Research Network on Maternal and Child Health and Development (SAMID) RD08/0072/0028 and SAMID RD12/0026/0015; Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Innovación y Ciencia (project number: P06-CTS 2203 and PI-0296/2007). Rupérez A.I was funded by a Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU) stipend from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Spanish Government (AP2009-0547).

Diet is a key factor for obesity development; however, limited data are available on dietary cluster analysis in children with obesity. We aimed to assess the associations between dietary patterns and obesity and several cardiometabolic markers. Anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance, blood pressure and plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial damage were determined in 674 Caucasian children, aged 5–16, with normal or excess weight. Using a food frequency questionnaire and cluster analysis, two consistent dietary patterns were shown, labeled as health conscious (HC) and sweet and processed (SP). The HC pattern included a greater proportion of participants with overweight/obesity than the SP cluster (80.1% vs. 63.8%). However, children with obesity within the HC cluster, showed less abdominal fat, through waist to hip (0.93 vs. 0.94) and waist to height (0.61 vs. 0.63) indexes (p < 0.01). Univariate general models showed several additional di erences in cardiometabolic risk biomarkers in the global and stratified analyses, with a healthier profile being observed mainly in the HC cluster. However, multivariate models questioned these findings and pointed out the need for further studies in this field. Anyhow, our findings support the benefits of a healthy diet and highlight the importance of dietary patterns in the cardiometabolic risk assessment of children with overweight/obesity, beyond weight control. ; Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica (I+D+I), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Health Research Funding (FONDOS FEDER) PI05/1968 PI11/01425 PI11/02042 PI11/02059 PI16/01301 PI16/01205 PI1600871 ; CIBEROBN Network CB15/00131 CB15/00043 ; Juan de la Cierva-Formacion from the Spanish Government FJCI-2017-34967 FJCI-2014-19795 ; Vice-Rectorate of Research and Transfer of the University of Granada, Spain

Julio Plaza-Diaz and Concepcion M. Aguilera are part of the "UGR Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016" and the "Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), University of Granada". Julio Plaza-Diaz is supported by a fellowship to postdoctoral researchers at foreign universities and research centers from the "Fundacion Ramon Areces", Madrid, Spain. Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda is supported by a fellowship from Spanish Government "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion-Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion" program (IJC2020-042739-I). Alvaro TorresMartos is supported by the Project "Transductores Moleculares del Ejercicio Fisico y la Activacion del Tejido Adiposo Pardo: en Busca de Nuevas Dianas Terapeuticas en la Comunicacion Intercelular" funded by "Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad (PY18-4455), Junta de Andalucia", Spain. ; Exercise and physical activity induces physiological responses in organisms, and adaptations in skeletal muscle, which is beneficial for maintaining health and preventing and/or treating most chronic diseases. These adaptations are mainly instigated by transcriptional responses that ensue in reaction to each individual exercise, either resistance or endurance. Consequently, changes in key metabolic, regulatory, and myogenic genes in skeletal muscle occur as both an early and late response to exercise, and these epigenetic modifications, which are influenced by environmental and genetic factors, trigger those alterations in the transcriptional responses. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most significant epigenetic changes described in gene transcription, linked to the skeletal muscle transcriptional response to exercise, and mediating the exercise adaptations. Nevertheless, other alterations in the epigenetics markers, such as epitranscriptomics, modifications mediated by miRNAs, and lactylation as a novel epigenetic modification, are emerging as key events for gene transcription. Here, we provide an overview and update of the impact of exercise on epigenetic modifications, including the well-described DNA methylations and histone modifications, and the emerging modifications in the skeletal muscle. In addition, we describe the effects of exercise on epigenetic markers in other metabolic tissues; also, we provide information about how systemic metabolism or its metabolites influence epigenetic modifications in the skeletal muscle. ; "Fundacion Ramon Areces", Madrid, Spain ; Spanish Government "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion-Juan de la Cierva-Incorporacion" program IJC2020-042739-I ; Project "Transductores Moleculares del Ejercicio Fisico y la Activacion del Tejido Adiposo Pardo: en Busca de Nuevas Dianas Terapeuticas en la Comunicacion Intercelular" - "Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andalucia", PY18-4455

The authors would like to thank the Spanish children and parents who participated in the study. ; Polygenetic risk scores (pGRSs) consisting of adult body mass index (BMI) genetic variants have been widely associated with obesity in children populations. The implication of such obesity pGRSs in the development of cardio-metabolic alterations during childhood as well as their utility for the clinical prediction of pubertal obesity outcomes has been barely investigated otherwise. In the present study, we evaluated the utility of an adult BMI predisposing pGRS for the prediction and pharmacological management of obesity in Spanish children, further investigating its implication in the appearance of cardio-metabolic alterations. For that purpose, we counted on genetics data from three well-characterized children populations (composed of 574, 96 and 124 individuals), following both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, expanding childhood and puberty. As a result, we demonstrated that the pGRS is strongly associated with childhood BMI Z-Score (B = 1.56, SE = 0.27 and p-value = 1.90 × 10−8 ), and that could be used as a good predictor of obesity longitudinal trajectories during puberty. On the other hand, we showed that the pGRS is not associated with cardio-metabolic comorbidities in children and that certain environmental factors interact with the genetic predisposition to the disease. Finally, according to the results derived from a weight-reduction metformin intervention in children with obesity, we discarded the utility of the pGRS as a pharmacogenetics marker of metformin response. ; Plan Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica, Desarrollo e Innovacion Tecnologica (I + D + I), Instituto de Salud Carlos III-Health Research Funding (FONDOS FEDER) PI1102042 PI1102059 PI1601301 PI1600871 ; Spanish Ministry of Health, Social and Equality, General Department for Pharmacy and Health Products EC10-243 EC10-056 EC10-281 EC10-227 ; Regional Government of Andalusia ("Plan Andaluz de investigacion, desarrollo e innovacion (2018)") P18-RT-2248 ; Mapfre Foundation ("Research grants by Ignacio H. de Larramendi 2017") ; Instituto de Salud Carlos III IFI17/00048

Introducción: actualmente existe una gran preocupación relacionada con el contenido de azúcares de los alimentos y bebidas ya que un consumo excesivo se asocia con una mayor prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Además, hay una gran confusión tanto en los datos científicos publicados como en las informaciones que aparecen en los medios de comunicación sobre diversos conceptos tales como azúcares libres, azúcares intrínsecos o endógenos y azúcares añadidos a los alimentos, así como sobre el tipo de monosacáridos y disacáridos que forman parte de ellos. El término azúcares libres se refiere a aspectos de salud pública mientras que el de azúcares añadidos se relaciona con la información nutricional incluida en el etiquetado regulado en el Reglamento 1169/2011, aplicable a la información alimentaria facilitada al consumidor. Material y métodos: análisis de la legislación vigente en la Unión Europea y en España, así como en Estados Unidos y México, junto con los posicionamientos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) y la Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (AESAN), así como de sus comités científicos sobre la definición y declaración de azúcares totales, azúcares libres y azúcares añadidos. Resultados: los azúcares añadidos se declaran en el etiquetado en países como en Estados Unidos y México. En el caso de Estados Unidos hay una propuesta de modificación del porcentaje que deben contribuir a la dieta, pasando del 10 % al 6 %. En el caso de la Unión Europea solo está establecida la ingesta de referencia para los hidratos de carbono: 45-65 %, al igual que ya lo ha hecho el Comité Científico de la AESAN. Solo en el caso del estudio ANIBES hay un dato aproximado del consumo de azúcares añadidos para la población española: un 7,3 %. Conclusiones: se deben establecer ingestas de referencia para los azúcares añadidos y hacer que se declaren en la información del etiquetado de los productos alimenticios, para poder trabajar con datos fidedignos en las tablas de composición de alimentos, conocer la ingesta real por parte de la población española, y así implementar medidas de salud pública que permitan reducir la ingesta de los mismos en todos los productos alimenticios que los contengan. ; Introduction: there is currently great concern about the sugar content of food and beverages as excessive consumption is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases. In addition, there is a great deal of confusion both in published scientific data and in media reports about various concepts such as free sugars, intrinsic or endogenous sugars, and sugars added to food, as well as the type of monosaccharides and disaccharides that are part of them. The term "free sugars" refers to public health aspects whereas the term "added sugars" relates to the nutritional information included in the labelling covered by Regulation 1169/2011 as applicable to food information provided to the consumer. Material and methods: an analysis of the legislation in force in the European Union and Spain, as well as in the United States and Mexico, together with the position statements of the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), and the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition (AESAN), as well as their Scientific Committees on the definition and declaration of total sugars, free sugars, and added sugars. Results: added sugars are declared on the label in countries such as the United States and Mexico. In the case of the United States, there is a proposal to modify the percentage they should contribute to the diet from 10 % to 6 %. In the case of the European Union, only the reference intake for carbohydrates is established: 45-65 %, as has already been done by the Scientific Committee of AESAN. Only in the case of the ANIBES study is there an approximate figure for the consumption of added sugars by the Spanish population: 7.3 %. Conclusions: reference intakes for added sugars should be established and declared in the information provided on food product labels in order to work with reliable data in the food composition tables, and to assess their real intake by the Spanish population, and thus implement public health measures to reduce their intake in all food products containing them.