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If peace is defined as the absence of an open conflict (war) between the states of South Asia, then in 1986 its prospect appear bright in a short-term framework. The chances of peace have never been brighter than today. It stems from a general desire in South Asia towards cooperation and peace as epitomized by the SAARC, instituted on 8 December 1985. If, within the framework of a decade, the South Asian states are left to themselves, probably the tenuous peace of the subcontinent would hold. It mainly depends on how well its biggest entity - India - performs domestically in the socio-economic field. But, if due to some accident or by default of an act of nature (repeated failure of monsoons over a large area), India is engulfed by a raging fire of communal frenzy or ethnic and caste passions, which could even consume its very impressive security apparatus, then the peace of South Asia would truly be threatened. The long-term prospects of peace in South Asia are not bright as the situation conducive for it entails a grand reconciliation between the three different world views - Hindu, Islamic and Buddhist - and restructuring of relationship between the different ethnic and cultural communities at interstate and intra-state levels. (Internat. Pol. Science Assoc.)

South Asia is poorly endowed with natural resources but luckily has abundant water and hydro power resources, both critical inputs for agriculture and industry. But most of this water remains unutilized, flowing down into the sea and only a fraction of hydro power potential has been developed due to lack of inter-state cooperation. If South Asia is a vast rural slum, it is primarily because of poor performance of agriculture, which occupies pre-eminent position in state economies. Sharing of river waters is an emotive issue in South Asia and even within a state system. The Indus Basin Treaty signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, could be a model for the sharing of Ganges and Brahmaputra waters between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal. The Indus Basin Treaty was a multinational effort where bilateral approaches had failed. The integrated development of the giant river basins of Ganges and Brahmaputra through joint, multilateral and multipurpose approach holds the key to bringing about an agriculture revolution in South Asia. SARC now provides the missing institutional framework needed for such an approach. (Internat. Polit. Science Assoc.)

The objective of this paper is to explain the influence of Murabahah finance on the relationship between farm credit and agricultural output.This is because, in most of the advanced countries, agricultural output is a backbone of their economy in terms of food supply, industrial, provision of income, employment opportunities.The importance of agricultural output to the socioeconomic well being, specifically the third world countries are paramount.However, it has been shown that there is a decrease in agricultural output in African economies and Nigeria is inclusive.The decrease of agricultural output in Nigeria is resulted to increase in poverty rate, unemployment, fall in individual and government income, collapsed of the industries etc.Some researchers are of the view that poor credit facilities are part of the main problem hindering the growth of the Nigerian agricultural sector.The current paper proposed a research model which, if validated in an empirical source will assist the advancement of agriculture in Nigeria.Hence, the study seeks to propose the use of Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling PLS in relation to analysis of the data. This paper may directly or indirectly contribute to the policy makers of Nigerian agricultural cooperative and rural development banks and agricultural environment.It provides a sufficient approach for Murabahah finance as a potential moderator of the Model.

This paper identified the factors influencing the rice crop
residue burning decision of the farmers and the potential of the burnt
residue to generate electricity. For this study, data were collected
from 400 farmers in the rice-wheat cropping system. Effects of different
variables on the burning decision of rice residue are investigated
through logit model. A number of factors had significant effects on the
burning decision of crop residue. These included farming experience of
the farmer, Rajput caste, farm size, owner operated farm,
owner-cum-tenants operated farm, silty loam soil type, livestock
strength, total cost associated with the handling of residue and
preparation of wheat field after rice, availability of farm machinery
for incorporation, use of residue as feed for animals, use of residue as
fuel, intention of the respondent to reduce turnaround time between
harvesting of rice and sowing of wheat, convenience in use of farm
machinery after burning of residue and the geographic location of farm.
The overall quantity of rice straw burnt is estimated to be 1704.91
thousand tonnes in the rice-wheat cropping areas with a potential to
generate electric power of 162.51 MW. This power generation from crop
residues would be a source of income for the farmers along with
generation of additional employment opportunities and economic
activities on sustainable basis. In order to minimise the cost of
haulage of rice straw, installation of decentralised power plants at
village level would be a good option. Further, use of rice crop residue
as an energy source can help in reducing foreign exchange requirements
for import of furnace oil. JEL Classification: O44, Q12, Q16, Q42, Q48
Keywords: Bioenergy, Crop Residue, Electricity, Energy, Growth,
Rice

The population of Pakistan reached the figure of 97.7 million
in 1985-86. Growing at the current rate of 3.1 percent per annum, it
would be over 144 million by the turn of this century. Under the
pressure of such population growth, the demand for primary products
would increase by a sizeable margin. An idea of this alarming situation
can be formed from the projected requirements of wheat which have been
estimated to be 22 million tons by the year 2000. To meet this expected
demand for wheat, its production should increase by 70 percent of the
existing levels, which means an annual yield growth rate of over 4.5
percent. But in the past thirty-five years i.e., during 1949-50 to
1984-85 it has grown at the rate of 2.53 percent per annum only.
Supplies of other basic essentials would also be required to be
increased by a similar margin to meet their increased demand. What are
the sources for such large additional production? A review of past
production trends shows that so far, the most important source of
incremental production has been expansion in acreage. However, the
available indicators suggest that the scope of additional production,
through acreage increase, has since been exhausted to a great extent.
The position regarding irrigation supplies, which constitute the base of
additional acreage, does not appear promising any longer. Details are
given in Table 1.

The aim of this research was to examine the impact of job stress on performance (creativity and in-role performance) of employees working in tourism sector of Pakistan. Over and above the direct effect of stress on performance, this study also proposes and empirically tests the moderating effects of social support and perceived organizational politics. Social support is proposed to have positive moderating effect such that higher level reduces, whereas lower level of social support enhances the adverse effect of stress on performance. Contrary to this, perceived organizational politics is suggested as negative moderator where a greater level of perceived organizational politics increases the negative effect of stress on performance. Data were collected from 322 employees working in tourism organizations of Pakistan and were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. Findings suggest that employees with higher level of stress perform poor on both creativity and in-role performance. Further, if employees are provided low social support at workplace, it increases the detrimental effect of stress on employee creativity and in-role performance. In addition to that, the findings highlight that higher level of organizational politics catalyzes the detrimental effect of stress on performance. Findings imply that tourist firms can foster employee creativity and in-role performance by providing social support and facilitating workplace environment to cope with stress and organizational politics.

This paper attempts to analyze the role of international actors in detail and how these states have contributed to the existing situation in the province. Overall, the research is an effort to categorically analyze the domestic as well as international factors behind the instability in Balochistan. Balochistan prominently configures the foreign policies of different states due to the interests and stakes involved in the volatile province. In terms of the transnational factors, there are few factors which have enhanced the significance of the province in the contemporary times, like War on Terror and the emerging economic and geostrategic importance of the province. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has increased the significance of Balochistan, also. At the same time, this increased significance has posed internal challenges for the inhabitants of the province who are of the view that the effects of the development should be visible across the board and the locals should be given their due share. The nationalist movement in Balochistan has developed greater contacts with their co-ethnics in the neighboring countries. Among the foreign powers, the role of India, Afghanistan, China, USA and the Middle East are of great concern.

SummaryThe north-western populations of Pakistan in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) adjoining the Pakistan–Afghanistan border are an amalgamation of native and migrated Pashtun tribes. These tribal populations are in transition due to war conditions and geo-political turmoil on both sides of the border since the Soviet invasion in 1979. Bio-demographic and epidemiological data for these tribes are scarce. A prospective cross-sectional sample of 967 males was selected from a representative Pashtun population of Bajaur Agency, and information obtained on bio-demographic variables and marital union types. Analysis of these data revealed that consanguinity was 22.34% and the inbreeding coefficientFwas calculated to be 0.0134. The inbreeding coefficient was observed to be higher in subjects who were illiterate, had unskilled jobs and who belonged to younger age categories, extended families and the Tarkalani tribe. Further analyses with respect to temporal variables like subject's age, year of marriage and age at marriage revealed that after a transition in marital union types in the early 80s, there has been a declining trend in the rate of consanguineous unions. Further, consanguineous unions in the parental generation were only 5%, but parental marriage types were predictors of subjects' marital union types. The data further establish that, contrary to a general notion about a high consanguinity rate in Pakistan, consanguineous unions are not common in Bajaur Agency and first cousin marriage is not the preferred type. Furthermore, this research shows that there is a great regional variation in the pattern of consanguinity in Pakistan that needs to be documented in order to draw a more comprehensive picture of the inbreeding coefficient in the country.

Fraud is one of the most harmful phenomena, because it leads to collapse of organizations, causes economic downfall of countries, and destroys faith in a country's capital markets. The impact of fraud is complex and has varying degrees depending on political and financial institutional structures of a country. In this paper, we investigate the combined effect of economic and noneconomic variables on fraud using a sample of 41 developed, in transition, and developing European countries. The data cover the period July 2014-December 2020. Panel data techniques of pooled estimation and the dynamic panel data/generalized method of moments (DPD/GMM) is used, keeping in view the endogeneity perspective. Nevertheless, two-way impacts of fixed effect model estimation-cross-sectional and time-based (panel) effects (alternatively)-are used for analyzing the relationship among the given variables, based on Hausman specification test results. Empirical results of panel data extended REM and FEM approaches with country-specific cross-sectional effects showing that political stability, economic freedom, poverty, and GDP significantly affect fraud proliferation. Political stability is appraised to be the most scoring determinant of fraud incidence in a country.

Lately, the European Union has reinforced the targets set to cut back carbon emissions. The energy generation sector and particularly, the district heating (DH) system, is still prevailed by combustion of fossil fuels that heavily contributes to such emissions. This paper presents a system-based approach to study the coupling between electricity and DH sector for effective mitigation of emissions. A mixed integer linear programming framework is proposed that aims to exploit the flexibility of electricity cogeneration together with partial electrification of the DH system by investing in renewable technologies. The objective is to simultaneously minimize the investment cost and emissions. Both the electricity and DH load profiles are segregated into critical and flexible types. Comprehensive demand response (DR) framework of thermostatically controlled loads and electric vehicles is considered while preserving the chronology. The framework is applied to the Finnish energy system considering the generation mix. Results prove that coordinating the electricity cogeneration with renewable generation combined with partly shifting from DH to electrified heating has a great potential in reducing the emissions. For an average weather scenario under DR, the least-cost solution guarantees an annual emission reduction of 12.04% relative to the total emissions of Finland against the total investment of €13.24Bn in wind and solar power generation. ; publishedVersion ; Peer reviewed

Publisher Copyright: CCBY ; Lately, the European Union has reinforced the targets set to cut back carbon emissions. The energy generation sector and particularly, the district heating (DH) system, is still prevailed by combustion of fossil fuels that heavily contributes to such emissions. This paper presents a system-based approach to study the coupling between electricity and DH sector for effective mitigation of emissions. A mixed integer linear programming framework is proposed that aims to exploit the flexibility of electricity cogeneration together with partial electrification of the DH system by investing in renewable technologies. The objective is to simultaneously minimize the investment cost and emissions. Both the electricity and DH load profiles are segregated into critical and flexible types. Comprehensive demand response (DR) framework of thermostatically controlled loads and electric vehicles is considered while preserving the chronology. The framework is applied to the Finnish energy system considering the generation mix. Results prove that coordinating the electricity cogeneration with renewable generation combined with partly shifting from DH to electrified heating has a great potential in reducing the emissions. For an average weather scenario under DR, the least-cost solution guarantees an annual emission reduction of 12.04% relative to the total emissions of Finland against the total investment of €13.24Bn in wind and solar power generation. ; Peer reviewed

PurposeBased on revenge theory and the three objectives of social interaction theory of aggression, the purpose of this paper is to develop a framework to answer why and when a subordinate's own behaviour instigates abuse at the workplace. In particular, the authors argue that subordinate gossip behaviour instils in supervisors a thought of revenge towards that subordinate, which, in turn, leads to abusive supervision. Specifically, this hypothesised relationship is augmented when the supervisor feels close to the gossiper (i.e. psychological proximity).Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted two independent studies to test the moderated mediation model, which collectively investigate why and when subordinate gossip behaviour provokes abusive supervision in the workplace. A lagged study (i.e. Study 1: 422 supervisors and subordinates) in a large retail company and an experience sampling study (i.e. Study 2: 96 supervisors and subordinates with 480 daily surveys) in multiple organisations provide support for the moderated mediation model.FindingsThe two-study (i.e. a lagged study and an experience sampling study) findings support the integrated model, which has mainly focussed on instrumental consideration of abusive supervision that influences the supervisor–subordinate relationship.Originality/valueThe two-study investigation has important and meaningful implications for abusive supervision research because it determines that subordinate gossip behaviour is more threating to a supervisor when the subordinate and the supervisor are psychological close to each other than when they are not. That is because when they are close, the supervisor is not expecting gossip behaviour from the subordinate, thus giving rise to an abusive workplace.