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This paper seeks to answer a simple question; what happens to maternal health seeking-behavior when user-fees are eliminated? We analyze this question empirically by investigating the effects of the free maternal health care (Health Insurance) policy instituted by the government of Ghana, on a variety of health utilization measures and child survival outcomes. Using robust linear and binomial logistic estimation techniques, we find evidence from over 4,000 households, that eliminating user-fees significantly increases the utilization of skilled delivery assistance whilst simultaneously reducing the number of deliveries assisted by unskilled birth attendants. Utilization of antenatal and postnatal care experience similar effects with user-fee elimination. Even though intention to use contraceptives increases with enrollment in the programme, education is found to be more important than health insurance in influencing the number of children a woman desires to have. This paper provides empirical support for the growing calls for removal of user-fees, in order to expand healthcare access and promote inclusion.

Oman, which is located on the Southern East of Arabian Peninsula, classified as holding a semi-arid climate with an average annual rainfall of 100 mm. Therefore, agricultural production in Oman is fully dependent in irrigation. More than one third is supplied by the ancient aflaj (sing. Falaj), which provide 680 x 106 m3 of water per year and irrigate of an area of 26,500 ha. There is two commonly known definition of the aflaj; the locally defined from the classic Arabic root as to divide the water among its shareholders. In addition, the modern technical definition as trenches and tunnels, which are dug in the ground, to convey the accumulated rainfall water table to the irrigated area in the villages. This study explore some of the existing institutional arrangements found within Falajdaris, at the waliyat (city) of Nizwalocated in the Dakhillya governmental, Sultanate of Oman. This study uses mainly face-To-face interviews with local administrative falaj agents to explore and discuss the most operated mechanized of the institutional arrangements. The study concluded that there is strong relationship between FalajDaris institutional arrangements development and physical water variability. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 5, Issue-1: 31-42

Our paper investigates the implications of asymmetric non-tax revenue information for tax morale using micro data from thirty-six African countries. We utilize a model in which agents form their perceptions about the sufficiency of government non-tax revenue for development financing under asymmetric information conditions. We then construct a composite index of information access that generates predictions about these perceptions and tax morale at the household level. Two important predictions emerge: (i) in the presence of asymmetric information, households overestimate the ability of non-tax revenues alone to finance development, which (ii) has significant negative effects on household-level tax morale. Our findings - which are robust across specifications and controls of cross-country fixed differences in tax morale - provide evidence that improvement in government information supply regarding the use of non-tax revenues, beyond annual budget readings and households tax obligations, could significantly enhance tax morale and compliance.

Rede des Generalsekretärs der OAU anläßlich einer Veranstaltung des African Center in London am 11 Oktober 1990. (DÜI-Hff)

المقدمة: تأثر نظام الرعاية الصحية في العراق بشكل كبير بأحداث العقود القليلة الماضية. كما أدت آثار الحروب المختلفة والصراعات الداخلية والعقوبات الدولية وعدم الاستقرار السياسي إلى تدمير الأمة ونظام الرعاية الصحية فيها. طرق العمل: هذه دراسة مقطعية أجريت في 23 مركزا صحيا تم اختيارها عشوائيًا (أخذ عينات عشوائي متعدد المراحل) في محافظة بابل. تم جمع البيانات خلال الفترة التي تبدأ من الثالث من يناير 2021 حتى الأول من مارس 2021. النتائج: أظهرت هذه الدراسة أن 87.0٪ من المراكز الصحية لم يكن بها كادر طبي مدرب على برامج التغذية وفقاً لنفس المعايير. في حين أن 95.7٪ من المراكز الصحية لديها كوادر صحية مدربة على برامج التغذية وفق المعايير. أما فيما يتعلق بتقييم أداء مزود خدمات التغذية، فقد أظهرت الدراسة أن معظم المراكز الصحية لديها درجات متوسطة لمعظم المؤشرات. الاستنتاجات: أظهرت الدراسة الحالية أن خدمات التغذية كانت معتدلة في المراكز الصحية، على الرغم من توافر المكملات الغذائية والإرشادات والسجلات في معظم المراكز الصحية. ; Background: The healthcare system in Iraq has been significantly affected by the events of the last few decades. The effects of various wars, internal conflicts, international sanctions, and political instability had also devastated the nation and its healthcare system. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done at 23 randomly chosen (multistage random sampling) health centers in Babylon Province. Data were gathered during the period beginning from the third of January 2021 until the first of March 2021. Results: This study demonstrates that 87.0% of health centers had no medical staff trained in nutrition programs according to standards. While 95.7% of HCs had health staff trained in nutrition programs according to the same standards. As for the evaluation of nutrition services provider's performance, the study showed that most health centers had moderate scores for most indicators. Conclusion: The current study showed that nutrition services were moderate in the health centers, despite the availability of supplements, guidelines and registers in most health centers.