Search results

This book offers a comprehensive and multidisciplinary global overview of populism and human rights in the light of globalization. It examines why the dominant (neo)liberal paradigm of the last decades resulted in major economic and social inequalities which resulted in the surge of national populism, led by the election success of right-wing parties, movements, and leaders across the world. It discusses, among other topics, the success of Brexit in Britain and the election success of Donald Trump and Marine Le Pen and explains why there is a need for a dialogue on human rights and globalization in this era of populism. Further contributions analyze various important topics of the field, including cross-culturalism, globalization, human rights, challenges and threats, diversity, curbing global corruption, sustainable development, populism, the decline of free speech, the new nationalism, internationalization, global regime of human rights, leadership theory, global management competencies, gender, quality management, individualism-collectivism, and examples of new initiatives in global organizations. This makes the book a valuable and useful resource for students, researchers, and scholars of international relations, political science, sociology, political psychology, law, diplomatic studies, Communication and media studies, economics, education and management, as well as practitioners and policy-makers interested in a better understanding of globalization, populism, and human rights

Part 1: Introduction - the American Democracy -- Chapter 1. Donald Trump, Authoritarian Populism, and the Struggle to Save Democracy -- Chapter 2. American Presidency, Interpreting Donald Trump and His Uneasy 'lies' -- Part 2: Unmasking the Presidency -- Chapter 3. The Tenets of Trumpism and the Assault on American and Global Democracy -- Chapter 4. Trump, and Other Nationalist and Populist Leaders: Between Charisma and Trickery -- Chapter 5. The Agitator Supplies What the Base Demands: Trumpism Before and After Trump -- Chapter 6. The Post-election Republican Effort to Overturn the 2020 Election Results: Background and Context -- Chapter 7. Insurrection, Ressentiment and a Failed Coup: the Capitol Attack and Its Aftermath -- Part 3: Trump's Diplomatic Learning Curve and the American Evangelicals -- Chapter 8. From "Nipple" to "Nambia" and Everything in-between: Donald Trump's Mental Maps and the Unraveling of the Liberal World (Dis)order -- Chapter 9. Trump and the Performance of "the Other", and Stigmatization -- Chapter 10. Why Evangelical Christian Women Voted for Trump: a Crisis of Conscience and Moral Integrity – the Cognitive Dissonance -- Part 4: How Media Coverage, Rhetoric and the "Fringe" Created the President -- Chapter 11. Trump's Misogyny Widens Cultural Cracks in U.S. Democracy -- Chapter 12. Trump's Rhetorical Way to Presidency -- Chapter 13. How Donald Trump Used Wittgenstein's 'language Games' as a Communicative Strategy for Connecting 'the Leader' and 'his People' -- Part 5: 'a President of the People or a President of His People'? -- Chapter 14. A Legacy of Harm: Violence Against Women and the Trump Administration -- Chapter 15. Lessons Learned of Black Lives Matter in the Age of Trump -- Part 6: Democracy, and the Surge of Populist Nationalism -- Chapter 16. Messianic and Autocratic Populisms' Waves in the Recent History of the Americas: "Global Trumpism", Continuities, Twists and Rupture -- Chapter 17. Donald J. Trump in the Whirlwind of Populism and Globalization -- Part 7: That's Not in My American History Book -- Chapter 18. Authority Shift in a Post-truth World -- Part 8: 'the Unconstrained Presidency': Alt-news and Post-truths -- Chapter 19. American Presidency, Political Lies and Lying in Politics: A Paradigm of Bush and Trump Administrations -- Chapter 20. Neo-liberal Populism and Democracy Under Siege: Some Thoughts on Trump(ISM) -- Chapter 21. Is the President a King? the Unitary Executive Theory and the Presidency of Donald J. Trump -- Part 9: A Tale of Two Paradigms: Politics and Epidemics -- Chapter 22. Assessing Trump Administration's National Security Strategy in Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic: the Case for a "Common" and "Cooperative" Security Approach -- Chapter 23. Une Saison en Enfer: A Political Epidemic in Trump's Amerika -- Part 10: So Divided We Can't Think Straight -- Chapter 24. Donald J. Trump's Politics: a Mix of European Populism and Athenian Democracy -- Part 11: Same World, Different Planet (Epilogue) -- Chapter 25. Populism- the Way to Unfreedom: White Supremacy, Patriarchy and Other Forms of Dominant Ideologies.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Part 1: Power in Peace Relations -- Chapter 2. The Fix: Why We Can't Solve the World's Problems -- Chapter 3. The American Supremacy and Leadership Pre-eminence in NATO: A Test of the Transatlantic Alliance -- Chapter 4. Cosmopolitan Peacekeeping Through International Humanitarian Order in the Frame of Sustainability and the Global Economy -- Chapter 5. Making Waves: Accessing a Model of Sustainable Peace and Cooperation Through Qualitative Methodologies -- Chapter 6. European Union: Politics and Policies -- Chapter 7. Making War and Building Peace: What Future for the United Nations and Regional Peace Operations -- Part 2: International Politics and War on Peace -- Chapter 8. Imperial Gamble: Putin, Ukraine, (the West) and the New Cold War -- Chapter 9. The Questions of War: Taiwan and Ukraine -- Chapter 10. Populist Sharp Power: How the World Entered a New Cold War -- Chapter 11. Human Rights in the World Community: Issues, Challenges and Action Proposed -- Chapter 12. Barack Obama and the Politics of Race: The Myth of Post racism and Public Perception in a New World Order -- Part 3: War, Diplomacy, Arms Races or Stability -- Chapter 13. The End of "the Endless War": Biden's Botched Afghanistan Exit and the Myth of American Decline -- Chapter 14. Nuclear Danger in Asia: Arms Races or Stability? -- Chapter 15. Addressing Disinformation & Misplaced Criticism: The Need for a More Effective EU Public Diplomacy -- Chapter 16. Children, Conflicts, and International Relations: The International Law and Children's Human Rights -- Chapter 17. Putin's Russia and the Nuclear War Threat to the West: Everyone Loses, One Step Forward, Two Steps Back -- Chapter 18. "Human Security and Human Rights: Connecting the Global and the Local" -- Part 4: Global Security, Terrorism, and the Role of Force -- Chapter 19. "The Battle Against Global Terrorism the Role of Private Security in the USA and in the EU" -- Chapter 20. Bringing Law as Interpretation (Through Performance Art) to the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: A Conceptual Framework for Borderlands -- Chapter 21. ""The Hidden Figure of a Global Crime": From Human Trafficking to Human Rights: Complexities and Pitfalls" -- Chapter 22. George Orwell's Animal Farm Revisited: Situating International Instability - Why? What? Whither? -- Chapter 23. A Spin of the Wheel – Co-operation or Competition: Defense Procurement and Defense Industries in International Relations -- Chapter 24. Islam V. Islamic State: Charges, Arguments, and Evidence in the Islamic Case Against Isis -- Chapter 25. "Modernizing the U.S. Strategic Land Based Missile Force: Prudent Necessity or Deterrence Distraction?" -- Part 5: Foreign Policy Analysis -- Chapter 26. The New EU-Africa Relations' Strategy: Soft Power or Neoliberalist Power? -- Chapter 27. Britain's Economic Relations with Africa in a Post-Brexit, Post-Elizabethan Future -- Chapter 28. Romania: Between Europeanization and De-Europeanization -- Chapter 29. Trojan Horses or Still Out in the Cold? United States Foreign Relations with Poland: Road Ahead in the Wake of Russian Rockets Landing in NATO State Poland -- Chapter 30. Why Foreign Policies Fail, and Why Political Scientists Misunderstand Policy Failure.

Part 1: Introduction - the Rhetoric and Myth of a Diffuse Concept – Populism -- Chapter 1. Donald J. Trump and the Art of Falsehood-fakery -- Part 2: Ambivalence of Populism -- Chapter 2. Democracy in Perplexity: Donald Trump Entangled in a Colonial Legacy of Race-based Enfranchisement -- Chapter 3. Cultural Backlash: the Long-term Damage of Trump's Legacy to American Democracy and Global Politics -- Chapter 4. Trump, Authoritarian Populism, Covid-19, and Technopolitics From a U.S. Perspective -- Chapter 5. Trump's Big Lie and the January 6th Attack on the U.S. Capitol: Going Beyond the Select Committee Report -- Part 3: the Nexus of Populism and Foreign Policy -- Chapter 6. In Search of the Elusive Trump Doctrine -- Chapter 7. Ever Enough: the Policy 'deals' of Trump White House -- Part 4: Trump and World Order: Trends in Polarization & Resilience -- Chapter 8. Polarization, Trump and Transatlantic Relations -- Chapter 9. Latinos for Trump: Three Explanations for a Shift in the 2020 Election -- Chapter 10. The Us-Iran Showdown: Was It Smart for President Trump to Authorize the Assassination of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani? -- Part 5: Power Without Persuasion and the Social Construction of Trump's Reality -- Chapter 11. A Critical Into U.S. Media's Fact-checking and Compendiums of Donald Trump's Falsehoods and 'lies' Inquiry -- Chapter 12. The Trump Effect: A Journalistic Discourse Analysis of Islamophobic Rhetoric in Facebook Comments -- Chapter 13. "the Linguistic Construction of Trump's Social Reality" -- Part 6: De-democratization - Populism, Partisanship and Pandemic -- Chapter 14. Trump Redux: the Former President and Political Turmoil Go Hand-in-hand -- Chapter 15. Nietzsche, Trump and the American Far Right -- Chapter 16. Donald Trump: the Epitome of Populism -- Chapter 17. The Journey to the Top: Donald Trump, Perception of Race, the Rhetorical Presidency and Public Leadership -- Chapter 18. Trump Administration's Approach to Global Health Governance -- Part 7: L'étranger, Ressentment, and the Truth -- Chapter 19. Trumpism and Putinism: Just Old Wine in New Bottles -- Chapter 20. Who Are You, Donald J. Trump? -- Chapter 21. Odds and Ends: the Importance of Political and Social Variables in Explaining the Politics of Mortality in the Wake of Trump's Presidency -- Part 8: Climate Change Denial and Populist Antiestablishment Attitude -- Chapter 22. Populism and Private Property Rights in President Trump's Decision to Withdraw From the Paris Agreement on Climate Change -- Chapter 23. How America's Discontent Fueled the Rise of Trump's Populism: Causes and Remedies From the Perspective of Michael Sandel -- Part 9: This Time is Different -- Chapter 24. Fighting for 'the People', Unsettling Democracy: Populism, Neoliberalism, and the Young.

Chapter 1. The Struggle Between Humanity and the Culture of Narcissism/ Post Truth -- Part I. Populism and the Economics of Globalization -- Chapter 2. Angels and Devils? A Burkean Analysis of the Four Most Powerful Men -- Chapter 3. Populist Leaders: The New Prince -- Chapter 4. Colonialism, Wars and Oppression: Organised Violence in a Global Era -- Chapter 5. Multiple Faces of China: Defending Against Chinese "Silk Road" Encirclement -- Chapter 6. Strategic Ethical Approach to Curb the Wave of Global Corruption: Foundational Reflections for Cosmopolitan Responsibility in Public and International Organizations -- Chapter 7. Understanding the Changing Demographic Bases of White Opinion on Race, 1940s-2018 -- Chapter 8. Political Philosophy Against Populism: Democratic Theory of Global Justice as Political Justification of Human Rights and Citizenship -- Chapter 9. The End? Punishment, Populism, and the Threat to Democratic Order -- Chapter 10. Collateral Damage: The Politics and Ethics of Drone Strikes -- Part II. Globalization or Imperialism -- Chapter 11. Global Management Competency: Toward a More Nuanced Holistic-domain Taxonomy for the 21st Century -- Chapter 12. Losing Sleep: Examining Struggles for Value and Counterproductive Work Behaviors in an Era of Globalization -- Chapter 13. Bloodstains on a "code of Honor" the Murderous Marginalization of Women in the Islamic World -- Chapter 14. Globalization in Action: Industry 4.0 Development Model for Turkey -- Chapter 15. The Decline of Free Speech on the Postmodern Campus: The Troubling Evolution of the Heckler's Veto -- Part III. International Human Rights and Race Relations -- Chapter 16. Making College Education a Right, not a Privilege: America's First Lady, Dr. Jill Biden's Quest to Make Education Free -- Chapter 17. Rumble in the Democratic Republic of Congo: President Felix Tshisekedi is Taking Control (Power, Complicity and Protest) -- Chapter 18. Is Confucian Peace a Solution to Intercultural Conflict? -- Chapter 19. Social Dominance Orientation, Right-wing Authoritarianism and Perception of Sensational News Headlines Regarding Outgroup Members -- Chapter 20. Are the United States Currently Living in a Pre-trump 2 or Pre-trumpian Time Period? -- Chapter 21. Trouble in Mind: on Becoming a Black Girl Under Oppressive Social Control, Crime, and Slave Status -- Chapter 22. "Racism is at the Core:" Skin-color Prejudice and the Struggle for Equality in the UK and the United States -- Chapter 23. The Moon, the Ghetto and Intelligence: Reducing All Forms of Discrimination in Models of Learn Style -- Chapter 24. Why Some White People Think Black People Are Less Trustworthy as Public Speakers -- Chapter 25. Trump, Race and the Demagogy -- Part IV. Globalization and Leadership -- Chapter 26. When Political Skills Matter in a Global Organization: The Effects of Networking Ability and the Value of Voice in an Organization -- Chapter 27. Confronting Covid: Crisis Leadership, Turbulence and Governance: Does the Coronavirus Pandemic Exhibit Deliberate Deception or Gross Incompetence? -- Chapter 28. Treat Leadership Framework:A Knowledge-based Theory of the Global Firm -- Chapter 29. Global Leadership as a Driver of Entrepreneurship: A Cultural Group Market Perspective -- Chapter 30. Situational Leadership Theory: An Extension and a Test of Global Organizational Prescriptions -- Part V. Racial Stereotyping and Global Politics -- Chapter 31. Misunderstanding Reinvigorates Racism: The Case of Critical Race Theory in the Public Sphere -- Chapter 32. Puerto Rico: Reading the Signs on Race, Culture and the Arts -- Chapter 33. Pioneers and Settlers: The Impact of Stereotype Threat and Interventions for Marginalized Group Members -- Part VI. Sustainable Globalization -- Chapter 34. United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and Global Supplier Development: Insights from the Global Garment Industry -- Chapter 35. Sustainable Development Goals and Global Environmental Survival: Visions for Management and Leadership -- Chapter 36. A Journey to Culture of Prevention: Let's Start With the (Dis)belief in Prevention -- Chapter 37. Sustainable Identity as Human Resources: A Theory Reality Construction -- Chapter 38. The Interplay of Global Leadership Power and Change: Joseph – a Pioneer Gestalt Group Leader -- Chapter 39. Africa First? The Indicator of Sustainability, Long Life and Happiness -- Part VII. Public Discourse and the Common Good -- Chapter 40. Beyond Human Resource Capital Development: is Sustainable Production the Next Approach? -- Chapter 41. United Nations Peacekeeping: Enabling Conflict Resolution and the Role of Mediation -- Chapter 42. The Influence of Cultural Values on Household Debt: A Study in 39 Countries -- Chapter 43. The Global Economic Crisis: Historical Roots, Lessons Learned, and Implications for Geopolitical Stability -- Chapter 44. When Modesty Matters: High Potentials' Impression Management and Political Skills in Hireability -- Chapter 45. De-globalization or Re-globalization? Some Historical Assessments on the Role of Economic Elites Across Time -- Chapter 46. Exploring the Impact of Context on Acquisition Integration Issues and Outcome: Toward a Global Perspective.

Intro -- Preface - WHAT ABOUT REFIGURING ``RACE´´? -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Historical Antecedents: The Materialist Beginnings -- Christopher Columbus -- Jim Crow -- Nazism -- Racism Beyond the Western World -- Functions and Ideology -- Conclusion -- References -- Part I: Rethinking the Nature of Prejudice -- Populism: A Conceptual Overview -- Introduction -- Right-Wing Populism -- Demagogy -- Neoliberalism -- Anti-Immigrationism -- Tomatoes and the Political Economy of Immigration -- Healthcare Personnel and Brain-Drain -- Democracy -- Procedural Versus Substantive Democracy -- Meritocracy -- Conclusion -- References -- Demagogy and Populism in the Americas -- Introduction -- North America: Donald Trump´s Demagogy and the American Dream -- Protofascism -- Immigration and the ``Ideology´´ of the Southern Border -- The Haitian Refugees -- South America: Jair Bolsonaro-The ``Trump of the Tropics´´ -- Climate Change -- Conclusion -- References -- Seeking Control of Life and the World Through Populist Politics -- Introduction -- Locus of Control -- Smart vs. Stupid -- Work -- Regaining a Sense of Control -- Religion -- Prejudice -- Locus of Control Meets the Politicians -- References -- Truth and Democracy: An Uncomfortable Relation in Contemporary American Democracy -- Introduction -- Legitimizing Slavery -- Slavery as the Root Cause of the Civil War -- Jim Crow-Era Racism -- Tea Party Politics in the Twenty-First Century -- Whose Vote Counts? -- Conclusion -- References -- Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge -- Introduction -- The Christian Bible -- The Declaration of Independence -- The U.S. Constitution -- The Slave Struggle -- Limitations of Civil Rights -- The CRT Critique -- Case Study: Needmore Community -- Psychology and CRT -- Jeremiah´s Solutions -- Allow Them All to Be Seen.

This handbook presents the roots of symbolic racism as partly in both anti-black antagonism and non-racial conservative attitudes and values, representing a new form of racism independent of older racial and political attitudes. By doing so, it homes in on certain historical incidents and episodes and presents a cogent analysis of anti-black, Jim Crowism, anti-people of color (Black, Latino, Native Americans), and prejudice that exists in the United States and around the world as a central tenet of racism. The book exposes the reader to the nature and practice of stereotyping, negative bias, social categorization, modern forms of racism, immigration law empowerment, racialized incarceration, and police brutality in the American heartland. It states that several centuries of white Americans negative socializing culture marked by widespread negative attitudes toward African Americans, are not eradicated and are still rife. Further, the book provides a panoramic view of trends of racial discrimination and other negative and desperate challenges that Black, Indigenous, and People of Color face across the world. Finally, the volume examines xenophobia, racism, prejudice, and stereotyping in different contexts, including topics such as Covid-19, religion and racism, information manipulation, and populism. The book, therefore, is a must-read for students, researchers, and scholars of political science, psychology, history, sociology, communications/media studies, diplomatic studies, and law in general, as well as ethnic and racial studies, American politics, global affairs, populism, and discrimination in particular.

Chapter 1. Comprehending the Nature of the Beast -- Part I. Rethinking the Nature of Prejudice -- Chapter 2. Populism: A Conceptual Overview -- Chapter 3. Demagogy and Populism in the Americas -- Chapter 4. Seeking Control of Life and the World Through Populist Politics -- Chapter 5. Truth and Democracy: An Uncomfortable Relation in Contemporary American Democracy -- Chapter 6. Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge -- Chapter 7. The Relationship Between Mainstream and Populist Parties: The Portuguese Case -- Chapter 8. "I Can't Breathe": the Bible and Bonhoeffer on Race and Suffering in America -- Chapter 9. The Swedish Nightmare in Racialization: The Dismantlement of Bounding Social Capital in Scandinavian Welfare States -- Chapter 10. Governance for Sustainable Development Goals in Cosmopolitan Governance: Basic Ethical Principles for Ethical Behavior in Public Organizations and Institutions -- Chapter 11. Self-esteem and Intergroup Discrimination -- Chapter 12. Domain Specific Self-esteem, Threats to Group Value and Intergroup Discrimination Amongst Minimal and Real Groups -- Part II. The Nature of Bias and Aggressive Policing -- Chapter 13. The Nature of Bias: Effects of Institutionalized Prejudices and Theoretical Explanations for Its Development -- Chapter 14. The Correlates of Prejudice: Groupthink and Individual Psychological Attributes -- Chapter 15. Many Roads Lead to Rome - College, Career, Commitment (Marriage), Oh My: Is Conceiving All These Still Extrinsically Linked in the Era of Fake News? -- Chapter 16. Police Fiction: Native American Activists' Political Murders at or Near Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 1973-1976 -- Chapter 17. A Double-edged Sword": Black Collegiate Women's Perceptions of Law Enforcement -- Part III. Social Identity and Intergroup Behavior -- Chapter 18. How Ingroup Favouritism Functions as a Defense Against Threat -- Part IV. Xenophobic Scapegoating and Racism -- Chapter 19. Umshini Wami (Cry, the Beloved Continent!): Erasing South Africa's 'toxic' and Worsening Afrophobia, Afronegativity (Recycling Hatred), Aversive Racism, and Xeno-racism – After Mandela -- Chapter 20 Xenophobia in the United States: Structural Drivers -- Chapter 21. From Eugenics to Eco-fascism: a History of Xenophobic Scapegoating -- Chapter 22. India - Hindus and Muslims: Religion and Racism -- Part V. Africentricism, and Non-eurocentric Perspectives -- Chapter 23. Debunking False Theoretical Concepts, Appreciating Asylums and Fending Off Media Attacks, Theological Misorientation, and Sexual Misorientation -- Chapter 24. Aziboist Concepts and Psycho-cultural-political Orientations for Socially Engineering Aright the New African Person -- Chapter 25. Listening to Blutopia: Sounds of Afrofuturism Perspective -- Chapter 26. The Fascinating Legacy of Yoruba Culture, Gods, and the Genesis of Civilization -- Chapter 27. Santeria (African Cultural Ideas) Under Attack: The Attempted Erasure of Lucumi and Extinguishing of a Cultural Candle -- Chapter 28. Caste, Class, and Globalization in India Revisited: Some Aspects of Continuity and Change -- Chapter 29. Tenskwatawa, the Holy Man of the Pan-India Resistance, 1804–1810 -- Part VI. Pandemics and Environmental Crisis -- Chapter 30. Racism and Inequality in the Deep South: The Health and Sociocultural Correlates of HIV/AIDS Among African Americans and the Legacy of Slavery -- Part VII. Race and Justice -- Chapter 31. Race, Ethnicity and Perceived Everyday Discrimination in the United States -- Chapter 32. Civil Liberties in Uncivil Times - the Perilous Quest to Preserve American Freedoms During Its First Two Centuries -- Chapter 33. Civil Liberties in Uncivil Times - Preserving Traditional American Freedoms After 9/11 -- Part VIII. Social Psychology of Prejudice -- Chapter 34. "If You're Brown, Stick Around; Black, Turn Back": "Honorary Whiteness" Status and Immigration Policy -- Chapter 35. "Snitches Get Stitches": Why Most Bullied Young People Don't Disclose Incidents of Bullying and Harassment -- Chapter 36. Is There Anything New in Anti-semitism? Settler Colonialism -- Chapter 37. Muslims, Populism, and Scapegoat Theory -- Part IX. Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion -- Chapter 38. "Continental Africa or Europeans? Confronting the Paradox of "Afronegativity" and "xenoracism" in Nigeria-south Africa Relations" -- Chapter 39. More Than Just Talking Anti-oppression: the Use of Racial Dialogue to Combat Intolerance in the Classroom -- Chapter 40. Bullying Perpetration and Perceptions of Familial Acceptance of Aggression Among Young People at University -- Part X. The Grand Dichotomy Reconsidered -- Chapter 41. Democracy in American Public Discourse: Power and the Crisis of Leadership, Race, and Division (or Unity) -- Chapter 42. Race: The Irreconcilable Conflict Threatening Americas' Future (and Indeed the World) -- Chapter 43. Race, Class, and Populism: Global Perspectives.

AbstractAt the onset of AIDS in 1981, it caught everybody (by surprise), with their pants down, openly, scientifically and literally. Fear /Stigma associated with HIV/AIDS continues to avert responses to the epidemic. Data (obtained in Tshwane metropolis) were used to test stigma/fear dimensions of an instrument. Factor analysis identified five foci of fear and stigma. There were significant differences on the factor scale measuring fear of sex, with females and younger respondents having significantly greater fear. Results were interpreted within a cultural context that realises that decreasing AIDS stigma is a vital step in stemming the pandemic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In the beginning, organisations were exceedingly simple. There were chiefs and tribes, or kings and subjects or owners and tenants or bosses and workers. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, it got more compli‐cated. There were stockholders, board of directors, of‐ficers and employees. Now it is too complicated ‐ with stakeholders and/or, shareholders, chairman of the boards and/or chief executives, corporate presidents and/or chief operating officers, assorted vice presidents, managers and employees. Naturally, the modern organisation ‐ being complicated, even Byzantine ‐ is much more subject to trouble, or even breakdowns, than its predecessors, says Bennis.

Mentoring has become a very popular concept ‐ too popular, according to some studies (1,2,3), the idea is simple: an older, more experienced individual helps or shepherds a younger person grow and advance in the formative years of the individual's career by providing advice, support, and encouragement. Good teachers, coaches, parents, and bosses all take on some mentoring functions, and in the past one or two decades formal mentoring programmes have been set up in the business environments.

Sponsors are the key to success in the corporate world. People jumped on the success train with tickets from their sponsors — their mentors. A mentor was defined as someone approximately ten to fifteen years older, successful, secure, mature, and thoroughly committed to the sponsorette's development; indeed, a cross between teacher, uncle, wet nurse, cousin, guru and sugar daddy. They are professionally paternalistic and serve in a "god‐parent" role. It is becoming clear that corporate romance occurs much more frequently than most people care to admit. Hunt and Michael explored the concept of new managers having a mentor and discovered four stages to the mentoring relationship. The first is the inititiation phase, where the more powerful and professionally recognised mentor recognised the apprentice as a protégé. The second is the protégé phase, where the apprentice's work is recognised not for its own merit but as a by‐product of the mentor's instruction, support, or advice. The third is the break‐up stage, where the protégé goes off on his or her own. If the mentor/protégé relationship has not been successful to this point, this will be the final stage. However, if it has been successful, both parties continue on to the lasting‐friendship stage. Here the mentor and the protégé have more of a peer‐like relationship. The protégé may well become a mentor but does not sever ties with the former mentor.

Der Artikel schildert die Probleme des Mißbrauchs von Drogen in Nigeria. Dabei wird die Haltung der Gesellschaft zum Drogenkonsum dargestellt, die Behandlung von Drogenabhängigen diskutiert und es werden Fragen der Erziehung und Prävention aufgeworfen. (DÜI-Sbd)