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Ethnic Politcs in Pakistan have xisted since 1947.Ethnic Politics has threatened Pakistan's security and Pakistn was divded in 1971 becuase ethnci politics dominated in east and west Pakistan.Today, ethnic poltics has eroded Pakistan's soverignity.Mohajir in Sindh ans Balochi in Balochistan are not accepting other ethnci groups in their localities.Internaland external factors are supporting ethno-political parties to destablise Pakistan

Pakistan is one of the most complex multi-ethnic societies in the developing Islamic world. Each of the ethnic groups that now comprise Pakistan has very distinctive identity, folklore, history and political interests. However, Pakistan's nation builders were not alive to the ethnic question and failed to integrate ethnic groups into a Pakistani nationhood through recognised principles of autonomy, representation and empowerment. Instead, a non-representative, military-led authoritarian system suppressed legitimate regional and ethnic aspirations, relying too heavily on Islam and Pakistan ideology (two nation theory) to forge a sense of common nationhood. It didn't work: since the 1950s there have been four major insurrections against the central government by Baluch nationalists. Although the Baluch national question has its roots in the colonial era, it emerged as a significant political and security issue because an over-centralised and non-representative power system couldn't address the issue of ethnic diversity. Baluchistan is now a hub of interests for regional and major powers.

The Jammu and Kashmir conflict remains one of the oldest UN agenda items. However, despite the genuine plight and legitimate demand for the right to self-determination, Kashmiris in Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir continue to struggle for their lives and livelihood under Indian oppression and state-sponsored terrorism without respite. This paper, therefore, attempts to glean into the history of the conflict, which has a strong connection with the contemporary situation, while answering important questions: What circumstances compelled people to rush to Kashmir soon after the independence? How has India, over the decades, interpreted, misinterpreted, and manipulated world opinion in its favour? Why and how have the Muslim world and international community shown apathy towards the beleaguered Kashmiris? Lastly, can there be a way forward, especially after India's illegal annexation of the UN declared disputed territory? It also highlights options available for a plausible solution to this humanitarian issue.

Bibliography Entry
Malik, Salma, and Nasreen Akhtar. 2021. "Explaining Jammu and Kashmir Conflict under Indian Illegal Occupation: Past and Present." Margalla Papers 25 (1): 23-35.

The rise of India presents Pakistan with a stark choice between seeking accommodation and maintaining the conventional rivalry that has largely defined the relationship between the two countries. The national and international climate is less favorable to Pakistan than it was a few decades back. The gap in performance between India and Pakistan in vital areas of national life has greatly widened.