Suchergebnisse

The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers
presented at a seminar on "Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India:
Policy and Research Issues", and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies
on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic
reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the "Introduction", the
editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy
measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the
papers included in the book. The paper, "Structural Adjustment in
India—What about Poverty Alleviation?", by Pieter A. van Stuijvenberg,
evaluates the impact of India's Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on
the poor and suggests some policy corrections to mitigate the adverse
effects of this adjustment on the poor. He observes an improvement in
the balance-of-payments position and foreign exchange reserves without a
simultaneous fall in gross domestic product under the SAP. His major
concerns are the large size and composition of fiscal deficits
(dominated by revenue deficits). The large size of fiscal deficits,
according to van Stuijvenberg, drive up real interest rates and endanger
investment-led growth. He observes that social indicators of the social
safety net, employment, and rural development programmes have not
improved much due to expenditure cuts on rural infrastructural
investments. He suggests a reduction in the size and composition of the
public sector, elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies, and
discouraging rent-seeking behaviour for a successful implementation of
economic reforms.

Rapid changes in prices are of concern in almost all countries
since the 1970s. However, the issue is of serious concern in developing
countries where imported inflation is seen to be driving domestic
inflation resulting in limited effectiveness of domestic policies to
control inflation. Like most developing countries, in Pakistan also, the
domestic price level started rising from the mid-1970s. The exchange
rate started depreciating continuously from the early 1980s.1 Continuous
devaluation of currency and inflation in the 1980s seems to suggest a
correlation between the two variables. The empirical studies, like Rana
and Dowling (1983) suggest that foreign inflation was the most
significant factor in explaining changes in the domestic price level in
nine Asian less developed countries during 1973-79. This suggests that,
while, these countries could do little to control inflation, the
policies of other countries, particularly their major trading partners,
had a significant impact on their domestic prices. A simultaneous
relationship between the inflation rate and the exchange rate changes is
viewed by certain researchers to exist. [Cooper (1971) and Krugman and
Taylor (1978).]

The Constant Market Share Analysis of export growth is used
here to capture the world trade effect, the commodity composition
effect, the market distribution effect and the competitiveness effect
for the periods: 1984-85–1988-89 and 1988-89–1992-93. The results show
that Pakistan has maintained her export share in the world market. The
market distribution and competitiveness of Pakistani exports have
improved significantly between the two periods under study. However, the
concentration of Pakistani exports into traditional commodities, whose
world demand remained sluggish, has offset the positive contribution of
effective market distribution and improved competitive strengths to a
large extent. A restructuring of exports (from traditional to
non-traditional), an increase in the variety of exports, search for new
fast growing markets and an improvement in the economic and political
environment are suggested to enhance the export growth of Pakistan in
future.

This study aims to examine the pattern of households'
expenditure on fuel consumption in Pakistan using the data of Household
Income and Expenditure Survey (1984-85). Price and income elasticities
have been estimated by applying the Extended linear Expenditure System.
It is found that the expenditure pattern of the rural households is
different from the urban households, with the rural households spending
proportionately more on fuels. The estimates of the income elasticities
imply that all fuels are a necessity for both urban and rural
households. The price elasticities of different fuels are found to be
extremely low, implying that the Consumption of fuels in Pakistan is
highly price inelastic.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the underlying mechanism through which firms can achieve supply chain agility and augment business performance from the vendor's perspective.


Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on dynamic capability view and contingency theory, the study conceptualizes a moderated mediation model to investigate the underlying influence of process integration (PI), supply flexibility and product-related complexity on supply chain agility and the subsequent effect of supply chain agility on firm's business performance. Survey data from a sample of 148 firms, in the garment manufacturing industry, in Pakistan were analyzed using partial least square methods.


Findings
The results revealed that supply flexibility (i.e. volume and mix) mediates the effect of PI on supply chain agility. Supply chain agility, in turn, influences a firm's business performance. Furthermore, the competence‒capability framework is not consistent across the varying degrees of product complexity such as product complexity hinders the effect of supply flexibility on supply chain agility, whereas it amplifies the impact of PI on supply chain agility. The conditional indirect effects suggest that the indirect effect of PI on supply chain agility through supply flexibility becomes stronger when product complexity is high.


Originality/value
The study is novel in the context of an emerging economy to educate fashion vendors to tune their competencies and capabilities to regain the market share in the global market place.

PurposeThe study aims to examine the effects of ulterior motives in peer and expert supplementary online hotel reviews on consumers' perceived deception, dissatisfaction, and its downstream effects on altruistic response and repurchase intentions. The research also examines the moderating role of hotel attribute performance on perceived deception and its consequents.Design/methodology/approachThis study used convenient non-probability sampling and collected data from 448 inbound tourists in China. It used partial least square structural equation modeling technique and SmartPLS 3.0 for analyzing the main and moderating effects of the variables.FindingsThe ulterior motives in peer and expert supplementary reviews significantly affect perceived deception, further leading to consumers' dissatisfaction and engagement in altruistic response. Noticeably, consumers' dissatisfaction is positively associated with repeat purchase intentions. Hotel attribute performance significantly moderates the relationship between the ulterior motives in supplementary reviews and consumers' perceived deception.Originality/valueThe study examines the key issue in online hotel reviews using the expectancy disconfirmation theory and identifies consumers' altruistic behavior because of their dissatisfaction, contributing to ethics and consumer behavior literature. Moreover, the research offers prolific implications for hotel and travel websites and hoteliers in the study context.

Purpose
Drawing on justice theory, this study aims to investigate the determinants and consequences of post-recovery satisfaction in a business-to-business (B2B) sales environment. In addition, customer demandingness is used as a moderator in this study to assess the relationship between distributive justice (DJ), procedural justice (PJ) and interactional justice (IJ) and post-recovery satisfaction.


Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual framework was developed by testing five hypotheses based on data collected from 337 salesperson–customer dyads.


Findings
The findings of this study reveal that DJ, PJ and IJ are positively linked with post-recovery satisfaction. In addition, post-recovery satisfaction negatively impacts customer distrust. On the contrary, customer distrust positively influences value co-creation behavior and has a negative impact on trusting intention. Finally, the customer's level of demandingness significantly and positively moderates the linkage between the dimensions of justice perception and post-recovery satisfaction.


Originality/value
Despite extensive literature on distrust, a research model that examines customers' distrust attitudes toward service failure and B2B recovery satisfaction needs to be developed and validated. In this regard, the authors developed a framework to measure post-recovery satisfaction and its association with customers' distrust in B2B a context.

PurposeThis research explores the determinants and consequences of salesperson polychronicity in a business-to-business (B2B) sales environment. Additionally, the study examined the link between the antecedents and consequences of salesperson polychronicity using resistance to change (RC) and manager trust in salesperson (MT) as moderators.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual framework was developed by testing eight hypotheses based on data collected from 378 salesperson-manager dyads.FindingsThe authors find that opening leader behavior is positively associated with salesperson polychronicity, while closing leader behavior negatively influences salesperson polychronicity. In addition, salesperson polychronicity positively affects service recovery performance and customer-directed organizational citizen behaviors (OCB). Finally, the RC and MT significantly and positively moderate the linkage between the antecedents and consequences of salesperson polychronicity.Originality/valueThis study is original because this is the first study to address polychronicity as an individual trait in a B2B environment where multitasking behavior is of paramount importance.

PurposeThe current research provides a conceptual framework that explains how sales managers' aggression across business-to-business (B2B) sales organizations triggers salespeople's surface acting, deep acting and service recovery performance. It also investigates the moderating role of ethical leadership through sales managers' aggressiveness on service recovery performance.Design/methodology/approachThe authors test the model using multilevel analysis with cross-sectional data of 367 salespeople from different sales organizations.FindingsThe study shows that the aggression of sales managers has an adverse influence on service recovery performance. Additionally, aggressiveness among sales managers is positively connected with surface acting while adversely affecting deep acting. The study's findings also indicate that ethical sales leadership is positively moderate among sales managers' aggressiveness and service recovery performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors collected data from individual salespersons, which is the limitation; however, future studies could collect data using the dyadic approach, such as matching responses from both managers and salespersons. This method could enhance the model's internal validity.Originality/valueSeveral studies have mainly focused on positive supervision styles in the literature on service recovery. At the same time, building a negative supervision model in the B2B service recovery context, which has been persistently ignored, is noteworthy.

PurposeTo address critical research gaps in the extant literature, the present study develops a model that links language constraints in hotel attributes—core and facilitating––with consumers' offendedness (CO) and examines the consequent behavioral intentions of an offended consumer. For this purpose, it investigates (1) the role of language constraints in core and facilitating attributes in shaping CO, (2) how CO relates to adverse behavioral outcomes and (3) the moderating role of attribution of service failure (ASF) between language constraints and CO.Design/methodology/approachThe present research used convenience sampling and collected data from 398 inbound tourists in Beijing through a survey questionnaire. The study performs measurement and structural evaluation by employing Amos Graphics 24.0 and moderation analysis through IBM SPSS 25.0.FindingsThe study examines language constraints in China's hospitality context, which restricts its generalizability. However, it serves as a better approach to examine the tourists who visit other Western hotels in China and unveils the factors contributing to CO.Research limitations/implicationsThe study examines language constraints in Chinese hotels, which restrict its generalizability. It serves as a better approach to examine the tourists who visit other Western hotels in China and unveils the factors contributing to CO.Originality/valueFew studies validate communication barriers in service encounters in hotel services and apprehend related outcomes. The present study takes a unique initiative in the context of China and examines the role of language constraints in core and facilitating hotel attributes in service encounters at Chinese hotels. This study informs the Chinese hotel industry and international destination firms to understand the language constraints in service encounters to further their strategies to overcome threats and tap potential opportunities.

PurposeThe present study develops a conceptual model that shows how the manipulation attributes of word choice, sentence fluency, convention of meaning, and organization of sentence structure in online hotel reviews are connected to linguistic errors, such as spelling and grammar and argument errors, how such errors intensify the likelihood that messages will be misunderstood, and how these misunderstandings affect customers' responses.Design/methodology/approachA structured questionnaire was employed to collect data from 591 inbound tourists in Beijing, China. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0 and Amos Graphics 23.0. Descriptive analysis was performed to explain the sociodemographic characteristic of respondents. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine hypothesized relationships.FindingsResults demonstrate that manipulation attributes increase linguistic errors, and two linguistic errors have profound positive effects on customers' understanding of meaning, which influence their responses in the form of negative online ratings and low purchase intentions.Originality/valueThe study's findings contribute to the literature on hospitality, linguistics, and consumer behavior, and have managerial implications for online review websites, online travel agents, and hotel management. Research limitations lead to suggestions for future research for hospitality scholars.