Suchergebnisse

Evolution of poverty measurement methodology is moving away from a monetary approach as the one and the only towards the extended technique that combines different definitions of poverty. One of the approaches is to combine monetary indicator (income poverty) and non-monetary poverty assessment through deprivations. This approach gave birth to a comparative methodology for assessing poverty and social exclusion (AROPE index) which was adopted by EU countries in 2010. According to the AROPE methodology, population at risk of poverty or social exclusion is defined as those who are poor in terms of income poverty, suffer severe deprivations or living in households with a very low work intensity among members of household in working age (or without the employed). Analysis of the AROPE index and its components for the EU countries shows their extreme heterogeneity in terms of this index. However, despite the criticism, the methodology will remain unchanged until 2020, so that poverty dynamics in EU countries can be studied. According to the Statistical Survey of Income and Participation in Social Programs conducted by the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), AROPE rate in Russia (2016) is slightly higher than in EU (2017) but the proximity of the AROPE rates in Russia and EU raises doubts about the adequacy of the real standard of living reflection through this index. In 2017, the European Commission decided to modify the part of AROPE methodology related to material deprivation evaluation by expanding the list of deprivations and excluding those household goods that are already included in the consumption standard in European countries.

Multivariate poverty measurement methods have been actively developed worldwide in recent years. Such methods include evaluation of limitations to meet basic human needs in terms of housing, clothing, footwear, education, health care, etc. In many countries non-monetary poverty lines are used as official poverty thresholds. But Russia is taking the first steps in this direction. This article presents a poverty assessment in terms of material deprivations, based on the representative survey conducted by Rosstat in 2016. Poverty analysis in terms of material deprivations shows that in Russia the most vulnerable groups are multi-child families and households of the unemployed and pensioners (especially single), as well as families living in rural areas. Such households are characterized by a higher deprivations concentration as well as a higher prevalence of separate deprivations. Measuring poverty in terms of material deprivations cannot replace the monetary poverty evaluation, but it is an important and additional part of poverty assessment. Households of single pensioners have a higher deprivations concentration but they are not poor in terms of absolute income poverty (due to introduction of supplementary pension payments which make their pensions higher than regional poverty thresholds). That means that poverty measurement should consist of a set of different methods that would give a more accurate estimation of poverty and highlight the poorest groups of the population which should be focus of social protection.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of Tables and Figures -- Notes on the Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- PART I Theorizing Multiculturalism -- 1 The Twilight of Multiculturalism? Findings from across Europe -- 2 Contemporary Citizenship and Diversity in Europe: The Place of Multiculturalism -- 3 The Challenge of Multiculturalism: Political Philosophy and the Question of Diversity -- PART II Multiculturalism's Pioneers and (Ex-)enthusiasts -- 4 The 'Civic Re-balancing' of British Multiculturalism, and Beyond . . . -- 5 The Dutch Multicultural Myth -- 6 Immigrant Integration and Multiculturalism in Belgium -- 7 The Political Dynamics of Multiculturalism in Sweden -- PART III Multicultural Societies without Multiculturalism? -- 8 Public Debates and Public Opinion on Multiculturalism in Germany -- 9 Danish Multiculturalism, Where Art Thou? -- 10 Multiculturalism Italian Style: Soft or Weak Recognition? -- 11 Redefining a (Mono)cultural Nation: Political Discourse against Multiculturalism in Contemporary France -- PART IV Multiculturalism's Future Converts? -- 12 Poland: Multiculturalism in the Making? -- 13 Multinationalism, Mononationalism or Transnationalism in Russia? -- 14 Multiculturalism and Minorities in Turkey -- PART V Conclusion -- 15 Multiculturalism: Symptom, Cause or Solution? -- Index