Die Abhandlung eines Insiders über die islamistische Hamas-Bewegung in Algerien befasst sich mit folgenden Inhalten: Programm der Hamas sowie Aktivitäten der Bewegung; innenpolitische Entwicklung Algeriens seit 1988 aus der Perspektive dieser Bewegung; Stellungnahme der Hamas zum Terrorismus; Frauen innerhalb der Bewegung; Stellungnahmen zur internationalen Politik; Kurzbiographien einiger ihrer Märtyrer; Zukunft der Bewegung. (DÜI-Kog)
Pakistan's religious leaders, ulama, have been put under significant strain in relation to how deal with questions about the political tensions and violence over the past decade flowing from the Taliban's role in conflict in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The effects of this fraught environment on religious authority can be seen through the way that religious leaders have issued contradictory and opaque fatwa (non-binding, but highly influential, legal opinions). This article particularly considers the way that different fatwa-giving religious groups, such as Deobandis, Brevalis, and Ahl-i-Hadith, have dealt with these problems. The violence, which has struck the heart of Pakistan civil society, has led to a confusing array of fatwa from these religious elites. These opinions have sought to categorize violence as either legitimate or to be condemned. This article therefore shows how these fatwa and the conflicting positions they taken have compromised religious authority in contemporary Pakistan.
Muhammad Shoaib AkramDepartment of Ophthalmology, King Fahad Military Hospital, Khamis Mushyat, Saudi ArabiaNeuro-ophthalmology is a very interesting field. Localizing a lesion in various pathways can be challenging, particularly for beginners. One needs a solid foundation of the neuro-anatomy of visual pathways to enhance understanding. The author aims to provide medical students and residents with the basic concepts of neuro-ophthalmology. This text attempts to simplify the complex problems related to neuro-ophthalmology, which may be perplexing during training in this sub-specialty.
The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of foreign aid on economic growth of Pakistan. The time series data for the period 1980-2008 is used by applying OLS regression model and two diagnostic methods namely Breusch-Pagon and Durbin-Watson tests. Results depict that foreign aid is insignificantly related to the economic growth to Pakistan for short-run and long-run. By excluding the foreign direct investment, results are significant but still a negative relationship exists. This study will help to government organizations by recognizing about the impact of foreign aid on economic growth.
AbstractConflict analysis is an essential component of designing and implementing peacebuilding action because it focuses on making sense of the situations where a peacebuilding action or intervention is desired. This article presents the results of an exploratory study based on semi‐structured interviews with 20 practitioners from 19 countries on four continents. Participants represented diverse organizations working on peacebuilding projects in conflict‐affected locations. The study focused on how participants (peacebuilding practitioners) gather and make sense of data (information) about the situations they face so they can make decisions for program design and implementation. Topics addressed by the study's participants included practice trends, methods of data collection and analysis, difficulties in gathering and assessing data, theories of change, and program or project assessment. The study concludes that the practitioners who participated mainly use informal methods to collect and make sense of data and do not make use of systematic approaches to conflict analysis.
Political business cycle (PBC) can be defined as fluctuations in the economy due to an attempt of a government to manipulate the economy prior to elections for favourable outcomes i.e. regaining its office. The concept of policy cycles gained a good deal of attention by the economists during mid 70s. Though most of the researchers attribute the PBC theory to Schumpeter (1939) and Kalecki (1943) but the seminal work in the theory of PBC is Nordhaus (1975).
The study aimed to compare teacher effectiveness in English and Mathematics by using students' ratings on quality factors such as learning environment, instructional planning and strategies, subject matter knowledge, assessment, and effective communication. Through using a multistage sampling technique, the data was obtained from the students of 10th grade (N=2009), who evaluated their teachers' performance on STEQ developed by Akram (2018). The five factors of STEQ exhibited a high level of reliability (α=.88) with factor-wise reliability ranging from 0.74 to 0.86. T-test for independent samples was used to compare boys' and girls', and urban and rural students' perceptions of teacher effectiveness in English and Mathematics. Female teachers were perceived as more effective than male teachers by their students in Mathematics and English, while urban teachers were perceived as more effective as compared to rural teachers by their students in Mathematics and English. Student achievement in English and Mathematics also statistically significantly differed based on the gender of students and school location. The study also gave recommendations.
