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Corrosion of boiler air-heater tubes costs the industry several million dollars each year in repairs, reduced boiler steam output and reduced boiler efficiency. There have been many cases where the reduced boiler steam output caused by leaking air-heater tubes has reduced factory crushing rates and electricity export. Corrosion of air-heater tubes can, in many cases, be minimised by improving the gas and air flow distributions with turning vanes and ductwork redesign, but in nearly all cases, there are some tubes on the cold air side of air-heaters that are still susceptible to dew-point corrosion. Using improved tube materials in parts of boiler air-heaters that are susceptible to dew-point corrosion will significantly extend air-heater life. Available materials and coatings were reviewed, and laboratory- and factory-scale trials, metal temperature measurements, dew-point calculations and a financial analysis-based ranking of commercially available tube materials were undertaken. S-TEN 1 had a similar corrosion performance to SS304 stainless steel. Both the S-TEN 1 and SS304 stainless steel tubes had significantly greater resistance to dew-point corrosion than the carbon-steel tubes typically used in the air-heaters of Australian sugar factory boilers. The good performance of S-TEN 1 in this project is not consistent with the poor performance of S-TEN 1 (no better than carbon-steel) in earlier trials carried out by Isis Mill. The conditions experienced by the trial tubes in this project were not as severe as those experienced by the tubes in the earlier Isis Mill trials, and this appears to be the main reason for the current improved performance of the S-TEN 1 tubes. This requires further investigation.

The national food system of Bangladesh has made substantial progress since experiencing famine in 1974, soon after independence. After the famine, the government placed a strong emphasis on policies required to attain grain self-sufficiency; since attaining self-sufficiency, the production system, policies related to it, and resulting diets have begun to diversify. Nonetheless, undernutrition remains a problem, and fruit and vegetable consumption are inadequate for most people relative to international recommendations. Moreover, as the food system has begun to transition towards a modern one, challenges related to food safety and perceived food adulteration have begun to rise. Further, increased processed food intakes are potentially associated with existing rising overweight and obesity status. Both government interventions and innovations are needed to help shift the national food system to improve nutrient-dense food availability, particularly among the poor, and to limit the increase in processed food consumption. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; CRP4; DCA; 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 2 Promoting Healthy Diets and Nutrition for all; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; G Cross-cutting gender theme; UNFSS ; MTID; A4NH ; CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

This report synthesizes data from surveillance, behavioral surveys and published and unpublished research to better understand emerging patterns and trends in the HIV epidemic in Bangladesh. Taking stock of 20 years of experience with HIV in Bangladesh, this report summarizes what is known about the coverage and impact of HIV prevention services, including knowledge on risk and protective behaviors. The report is divided into nine chapters. Chapter one provides a brief introduction and an overview of the methodology used for this exercise. Chapter two discusses the risks and vulnerabilities of the high risk groups including female sex workers, injecting drug users, male who have sex with male, hijra and overlapping populations, while chapter three discusses the trend of the infection amongst partners of high risk groups. Bangladesh continues to report low condom use, which is analyzed and discussed in chapter four. Structural factors including macro level and intermediate level factors that affect HIV interventions in Bangladesh are addressed in chapter five. The national HIV response is discussed in chapter six. The report concludes with a discussion of the main findings, with recommendations for the future in chapter seven, and chapter eight and nine are annexes and references.